| Volume 3 | March - April 2004 | Number 2 |
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Biosynthesis of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA): A Review [Abstract] [Full Text] Factors Affecting Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) Content in Milk, Meat, and Egg: A Review [Abstract] [Full Text] Chemical and Nutritional Constituents of Sea Buckthorn Juice [Abstract] [Full Text] The Effect of Feeding a Milk Diet Versus Concentrate and Hay Diet on the Meat Quality and Fatty Acid Profile of Lambs [Abstract] [Full Text] Observations on the Pathophysiology of Weaner Pigs Fed Raw and Preheated Nigerian Mucuna pruriens (Velvet Bean) Seeds [Abstract] [Full Text] A New in Vitro Enzymatic Method to Evaluate the Protective Effect of Phytic Acid Against Copper Ions [Abstract] [Full Text] Effect of Chemical Treatment, Wax Coating, Oil Dipping and Different Wrapping Materials on Physio-chemical Characteristics and Storage Behavior of Apple (Malus domestica Borkh) [Abstract] [Full Text] Children's Health is Insulin and Lipid Dependent [Abstract] [Full Text] Microorganisms Involved in Fulani Traditional Fermented Milk in Burkina Faso [Abstract] [Full Text] [Top] [Table of Contents] [Home] . Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 3 (2): 72-81, 2004 © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2004 R.C. Khanal and T.R. Dhiman Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan UT 84322, USA E-mail: rckhanal@cc.usu.edu Abstract:
Conjugated linoleic acid is a mixture of positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid with two conjugated unsaturated double bonds at various carbon positions in the fatty acid chain. An increasing interest on CLA is attributed to its potential health benefits such as anticarcinogenic, antiatherogenic, antidiabetic and antiadipogenic effects. More than a dozen isomers of CLA are present in ruminant fat. Of the two isomers known for their physiological importance, c-9, t-11 is the most prevalent one comprising 80 to 90% of total CLA in food products from ruminants, whereas t-10, c-12 is present in small amounts at 3-5% of total CLA. Sequences in the biohydrogenation of dietary unsaturated fatty acids leading to the biosynthesis of CLA in the rumen from linoleic acid and in the mammary gland from t-11 C18:1 by delta-9 desaturase have been reviewed. Understanding the mechanisms involved in the biosynthesis of CLA will allow us to design feeding strategies for enhancing the concentration and output of CLA in milk and meat so we can derive the potential health benefits associate with it. Meat, and Egg: A Review R.C. Khanal and K.C. Olson Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA E-mail: rckhanal@cc.usu.edu Abstract:
An increasing interest in enhancing the conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) content in food products is attributed to its potential anti-carcinogenic, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, anti-atherogenic, and immunomodulatory functions in experimental animal models. It is synthesized in the rumen from linoleic acid or from the endogenous conversion of t-11 C18:1 in the mammary gland by delta-9 desaturase. More than a dozen isomers of CLA have been detected in foods of ruminant origin, of which c-9, t-11 comprising 80 to 90%, and t-10, c-12 comprising 3-5% of total CLA are the isomers with known physiological importance. Although food products from ruminants are the richest source of CLA for humans, it is possible to enhance the CLA content of foods from non-ruminants by supplementing CLA in the diet. The CLA content in milk, meat, or egg varies greatly from a low 0.1% or less to a high 2% or more of the milk, tissue, or egg yolk lipids, with milk lipids from ruminants having the highest concentrations. A host of factors appear to affect the CLA content in milk, meat, and other food products from various species of animals, which could be broadly classified into diet, animal, and post-harvest related factors. Of all these factors, animal diet is the primary one and could be manipulated to a great extent for enhancing the concentration of CLA in food products, both from ruminants and non-ruminants. While animal-to-animal variation is also of great significance, post-harvest related factors appear to be of minor importance. In this context, the CLA content of milk, meat, and egg, and the factors affecting its concentration have been reviewed. Understanding the various factors affecting the CLA content in food products will have practical implications to the dairy, meat, or egg producers for its enrichment in food products so we can derive the potential health benefits associated with CLA. Alam Zeb Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, N.W.F.P, Pakistan E-mail: Alamzeb01@yahoo.com Abstract:
Sea buckthorn juice is one of the imperative product obtained from the sea buckthorn berries, is now commercially very important. The juice provides a nutritious beverage, high in suspended solids, and very high in vitamins especially in vitamin C and carotenoids. It contains different kinds of nutrients and bioactive substances including vitamins, fatty acids, free amino acids and elemental components. These components vary substantially among individuals, populations, origins or subspecies. The available compositional data regarding sea buckthorn juice is tabulated to produce a comprehensive source of recent information on chemical and medicinally important constituents of different origin and varieties. The presence of valuable chemical and nutritionally important constituents in sea buckthorn juice, and from the scientific knowledge of their importance, it is clear that sea buckthorn juice is one of the most important source of these materials, and can be use as alternative nutritional sources in the commercial market. on the Meat Quality and Fatty Acid Profile of Lambs N.J. Okeudo1, B.W. Moss1,2 and M.B. Chestnutt3,4 1Department of Food Science, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 59X, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom 2Food and Agricultural Chemistry Research Division, Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom 3Department of Crop and Animal Production, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom 4Agricultural Research Institute, Hillsborough, County Down, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom E-mail: nokeudo@yahoo.co.uk Abstract:
The object of this study was to compare carcass and meat quality characteristics of conventionally reared lambs with others reared solely on milk. Eighteen crossbred lambs weaned at 5 weeks of age were randomized within each sex into 2 groups. The first group was fed reconstituted whole milk and the second, commercial lamb pellets and hay. Both diets were offered ad libitum for 9 weeks. Animals were subsequently slaughtered under standard commercial conditions. Samples of shoulder joint were taken for dissection and meat quality assessment was made using the 6 - 12th rib section of the Longissimus doris muscle. Lambs on the concentrate and hay diet had significantly larger reticulo-rumens, livers and generally were less fat (p < 0.01) than milk-fed lambs. Dietary treatment had little effect on meat quality. Lambs reared on the milk diet contained higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in subcutaneous fat than lambs fed concentrate and hay. The milk diet did not appear to produce the typical pale "veal" colour in lambs as might be expected from studies on veal production. Preheated Nigerian Mucuna pruriens (Velvet Bean) Seeds Emenalom, O.O., I.C. Okoli and A.B.I. Udedibie Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology Owerri, P. M. B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State-Nigeria E-Mail: emenalom2000@yahoo.Com Abstract:
Aspects of the pathophysiological responses of weaner pigs fed raw and cracked-soaked and cooked Nigerian M. pruriens seed meals were investigated using twenty-five large white x land race weaner pigs with weights ranging from 17 to 22 kg in a 56 days (8 weeks) experiment. Raw Mucuna meal (RMM) and cracked soaked and cooked meal (CSCM) were incorporated into weaner pigs diets at 15% and 20, 30 and 40%levels respectively and tested against a control diet with 0% Mucuna meal. The results revealed that raw Nigerian Mucuna seeds is poisonous to pigs at 15% dietary inclusion level and significantly (P<0.5) affected the hematological and serum biochemical indices of the pigs. It resulted in 40% mortality among this group with dead animals manifesting lung collapse, emaciation serous atrophy of fat and enlarged urinary bladder at post-mortem. Preheated Mucuna seed meal, however proved safe for pigs at different dietary inclusion levels but did not improve most of the hematological and serum biochemical parameters measured. Pigs fed Mucuna bean diets had significantly (P<0.05) elevated levels of serum albumin, cholesterol, creatinine and polymorphs but decreased levels of eosinophils and monocytes when compared with the control group. At 15% dietary level of raw seed, the pigs had statistically similar total serum protein, serum calcium, K+, HCO3-, total white blood cell and lymphocytes but significantly (P<0.05) increased hemoglobin concentration when compared with the control. Increasing the dietary levels of the preheated seeds also resulted in reduced weight gains among the pigs. This study therefore suggests that raw Mucuna bean is poisonous to weaner pigs but relatively safe after preheats treatment. However, changes in hematological and serum biochemical parameters indicated poor nutrient utilization and muscle damage among pigs receiving higher levels of preheated seeds. Effect of Phytic Acid Against Copper Ions G.L. Lima-Filho1, U.C. Araújo2, G.M.T. Lima3, L.C.M. Aleixo1, S.R.F. Moreno1, S.D. Santos-Filho1, R.S. Freitas1, M.V. Castro-Faria2 and M. Bernardo-Filho1,4 1Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria. Av. 28 de setembro, 87, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil 2Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20559-900, Brazil 3Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Hospital das Clínicas, Departamento de Medicina Tropical. Av. Prof. Moraes Rego s/n, Recife - PE, 50460-390, Brazil 4Instituto Nacional do Câncer, Coordenadoria de Pesquisa, Praça Cruz Vermelha, 23, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20230-130, Brazil E-mail: gllf@hotmail.com Abstract:
Copper (Cu2+), a component of the mitochondrial electron transport chain which also functions in iron absorption, mobilization and in maintenance of brain neurotransmitter levels, is well known to generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of this study was to test a sensitive, simple and low cost enzymatic method based on the urease inhibition by very low concentrations of copper and to use this technique to study the protective effect of phytic acid against copper ions. In this way, an enzymatic method based on the ability of urease to be inhibited by very low concentrations of copper ion was utilized. Inhibition curves showed that copper (0.79 and 1.57 µ M) promoted a 43.82 ± 2.72 and 71.84 ± 6.29% inhibition of the enzyme activity, respectively. Enzyme inhibition by the same copper concentrations in the presence of phytic acid (10 mM) were markedly lower. In conclusion, phytic acid has a copper chellating capacity that may be useful in preventing copper interaction with biomolecules and, accordingly, in lowering the generation of ROS. Wrapping Materials on Physio-chemical Characteristics and Storage Behavior of Apple (Malus domestica Borkh) *Syed Mubashir Sabir, Syed Zulfiqar Ali Shah and Abida Afzal University College of Agriculture (UAJ&K) Rawalakot-12350 Azad Kashmir, Pakistan E-mail: mubbashergardezi@chemist.com Abstract:
Chemical treatment, wax coating, oil dipping and different wrapping materials have significant role in extending the shelf life of apple. The present investigation was therefore, carried out to extend the shelf life of Banky cultivars of apple by applying the above mentioned treatments. In physical characteristics general appearance (color and shape of fruit), weight loss percentage and organoleptic evaluation were studied during storage. Chemical treatment, total soluble solids, pH, acidity, total sugar, reducing sugar and Vitamin C were analyzed after 15, 30, 45 and 60 days of storage. All the treatment had significant effect on the shelf life of fruits. However, Non-perforated polyethylene was reported superior to all other treatments. Non-perforated polyethylene materials proved very useful for reducing weight loss and shriveling and retained consumer acceptability even after 60 days of storage. Hydroxyquinoline and butter paper wrapping stood second and third positions after non perforated polyethylene wrapping. M.Z.I. Hydrie1, A. Basit2, R. Hakeem1, M.Y. Ahmadani2 and M.Q. Masood1 1Research Department, Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology, III-B-3/17, Nazimabad-3, Karachi-74600, Pakistan 2Department of Medicine, Medical Unit - IV, Baqai Medical University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan E-mail: zafarhydrie@hotmail.com Abstract:
To assess the differences in fasting blood glucose, insulin and lipids of children having family history of diabetes or heart disease in first or second degree relative compared with a control group. Questionnaire was given to collect demographic data and to assess the dietary habits and family history of these children. Demographic data, anthropometric measurements and blood samples for fasting blood glucose, insulin and lipids of children from 4 schools was taken. The samples of ninety nine children were collected and sent to Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Karachi to assess their biochemical parameters. Children having positive family history for diabetes had slightly mean values for BMI as compared to the controls but the differences were not statistically significant. Overweight risk children (>85th Percentile of BMI for age) did not differ significantly in terms of various risk indicators however those who had a positive family history of diabetes had significantly higher percentage of abnormal Total Cholesterol, LDL-C, Insulin and low HDL. Diabetes and CVD risks in children having positive family history are probably mediated through increased weight. Thus information about family history augmented by body mass index could be used as an important screening tool for determining the risk status of children. Aly Savadogo1*, C.A.T. Ouattara1, P.W. Savadogo2, A.S. Ouattara1, N. Barro1 and A.S. Traore1 1Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Biotechnologie - Centre de Recherche en Sciences Biologiques, Alimentaires et Nutritionnelles (CRSBAN)-Département de Biochimie-Microbiologie (DBM)-Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre (UFR/SVT), Université de Ouagadougou, 03BP 7131 Burkina Faso 2Institut de l'Environnement et de la Recherche Agricole (INERA), Ouaga, Burkina Faso E-mail: aly.savadogo@univ-ouaga.bf Abstract:
Thirty samples of traditional fermented milk were collected in northern Burkina from Fulani individual household. Microbial analysis was done by standard methods and with API 50 CH identification system. The predominant microflora was lactic acid bacteria, belonging to the genus Lactobacillus (32%), following by Leuconostoc (30%), Lactococcus (20%), Leuconostoc/ß-bacterium (10%), Streptococcus (6%) and Enteroccoccus (2%) genus. Yeasts, molds and Enterobacteria were also isolated. Twenty representative lactic acid bacteria strains were identified to species level belonging to species Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar. diacetylactis, Lactobacillus confusus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Leuconostoc citreum, Leuconostoc lactis. |