The effect of tepary proteinase inhibitor (TI) isolated from unheated tepary bean on the growth, nitrogen digestion and pancreatic hypertrophy of mice was assessed. The mice were fed a whole protein based diet containing either 0, 100, 200, 400 or 600 mg TI per 100 g of diet. Growth performance of mice fed whole egg or 100 mg TI/100 g diet was superior to that of mice fed 200, 400 and 600 TI mg/100 g diet. The growth inhibition of mice fed trypsin inhibitor above 200 mg TI/100 g diet was accompanied by a lower apparent digestibility of protein and lower food conversion efficiency. The pancreas weight relative to body weight of animals fed TI was significantly higher than that of animals fed whole egg. The results of the present study also indicate that TI is not responsible for the death of mice and rats fed raw tepary bean flour.

Key words: Tepary bean, Phaseolus acutifolius, proteinase inhibitors

Sixty adult rats of both sexes were used for determination of LD50 of Anagallis arvensis. Other eighteen rats were used for repeated successive dose for determination of blood picture, kidney function and histopathological changes associated with A. arvensis toxicosis (1/5 and 1/10 LD50) IP for 15 days. The LD50 was 10.718 mg/kg.b.wt. of alcoholic extract of A. arvensis. The clinical signs included anorexia, restlessness, diarrhea, thirst, difficult breathing, tremors and ended by coma and death. Hematologically, there were a significant reduction in PCV%, Hb concentration and RBCs count of the intoxiced rats. Concerning kidney function tests, there were a significant increase in urea and creatinine level of the intoxicated rats. Pathologically, the lesions were primarily confined to the urinary system.

Key word: Anagallis arvensis, rat, alcohlic extracts, Saudi Arabia

Thirty six samples of fresh green Sorghum at various stages of growth up to 180 cm length were examined for estimation of its cyanide content. The samples were collected from different farms. Results obtained revealed that the concentration increases gradually starting from the 46 cm length of the plant (about 0.698 mg/100g plant) to reach its maximum at the 80 cm length about 2.54 mg/100g plant). It then decreases gradually till it reaches 0.042 mg/100g plant at the 180 cm length.

Key words: Cyanide, sorghum, Saudi Arabia

Aging is a process that can develop rice-cooking quality. Specially, it helps to increase kernel elongation rate during cooking time. We have aged four popular Malaysian rice cultivars in different time and temperature conditions and we have observed that maximum good kernel elongation ratio for Mahsuri and Mahsuri Mutant are 100 ^oC for 5 hours. In 9192, maximum kernel elongation ratio was observed at 110 ^oC with 5 hours and for putri it was 110 ^oC for 3 hours. In Mahsuri, proportionate change range was 0.03 to 0.23. So we can say that the degree of elongation of Mahsuri is poor to low. For Mahsuri Mutant proportionate change range was 0.33 to 0.65 and the degree of elongation Mahsuri Mutant can be graded grading as medium. Proportionate change range was observed 0.23 to 0.60 in 9192 and it is convenient to say that degree of elongation of 9192 is low to medium. Finally, in putri a very interesting observation was occurred. When it was treated at 90 ^oC the lowest proportionate change (0.40) was observed with 1 hour curing and highest (0.55) was with 3 hours curing. In 100 ^oC, maximum proportionate changed was observed (0.59) with 3 hours curing and lowest was observed (0.41) at 7 hours curing. At 110 ^oC, lowest proportionate change (0.75) was observed with 9 hours curing and maximum proportionate change was observed with 7 hours curing (0.90). So we can see at 90 and 100 ^oC with different curing time proportionate changes was in between 0.40 to 0.59 and the degree of elongation may consider as medium. But at 110 ^oC temperature we were surprised and observed that with all different temperatures the degree of elongation was high (Range 0.75-0.90). At this temperature (110 ^oC) Putri showed good kernel elongation ratio and high degree of elongation like the other Basmati type fine rice. Higher actual elongation is a desirable character for the consumers; the following results are the average of different curing time because our used grain size was not truly uniform (Mahsuri 5.0 mm - 5.5 mm, Mahsuri Mutant 6.2 mm - 6.75 mm, 9192 6.5 mm - 7.0 mm and Putri 6.5 mm - 7.0 mm). In this experiment we have also observed that variety, temperature and time significantly influence elongation ratio, Proportionate change and actual elongation. Variety time interaction, variety temperature interaction and variety temperature time interactions also significantly influenced these physical properties of rice kernel. Temperature time interaction does not significantly influence on elongation ratio, but this interaction influence proportionate change and actual elongation.

Key words: Ageing, actual elongation, elongation ratio and proportionate change, rice

The aim of this paper was to analyze the levels of selected minerals consumption by the elderly. The investigation was carried out in May and June of 1999 with people between 75 and 80 years of age permanently living in urban and rural areas and small towns of the province of Warmia and Mazury. In total, 160 males and 194 females were examined. The average consumption of nutrients was estimated by the 24-hour interview method. After including the standard loss, it was compared with a consumption norm on a safe level. The average consumption of the selected minerals i.e. Mg, Zn and Cu was compared between the sex and environment groups including the selected classes of norm completion (2/3, 90 and 110%). The average consumption of magnesium, zinc and copper was obtained for 54-59, 61 and 81-96% of the examined people respectively. This indicates the high risk of minerals insufficiency (below 2/3 of the norm). The largest percentage of people (65-91% of the examined) endangered with the insufficiency of the analyzed micro-and macro elements was obtained among the males and the females living in a small town.

Key words: Daily intake, magnesium, zinc, copper, elderly

The objective was to determine the meat yield, proximate and mineral composition in donkey carcasses, aged between 5-8 years. Proximate analysis of the minced carcass was done and reported as moisture, dry matter, crude protein, total ash and organic matter. Moisture content was 68.35-74.72% and the dry matter content was 23.68-30.68%. Total ash content was also higher in donkeys (5.10-8.19%) as compared to 1.5-1.09% in beef, however, the organic matter content was slightly lower in donkeys (91.81- 94.90%), compared to 98.5 and 98.91% reported in beef. The crude protein content 55.05-62.27 on dry matter basis. Mineral analysis revealed that donkey meat is rich in Fe, P, K and Zn. (For Ca, P, Mg, Cu and Mn), there was no significant difference between the cuts (P< 0.05). However, a significant difference was observed in K, N, Zn and Fe (P< 0.05). The investigation suggested tenderness, juiciness, flavour and odour as being the main criteria, by which consumers judge the quality of donkey meat. The male and female respondents differed significantly in their responses on donkey meat's tenderness and firmness. (P< 0.05).

Key words: Meat composition, dressing-out percentage, meat quality, proximate composition

Six female sheep were used in a 90 day trial to study the effect of dietary energy supplementation to grazing on feed intake, growth and reproductive performance of female sheep. Animals were blocked according to live weight and blocked groups were assigned at random into two feeding regimes i.e. low and high energy (10.02 and 11.98 MJ ME/kg DM). Each sheep received 250 grams of supplemental diet in addition to grazing. Results showed that, feeding of sheep with increased levels of dietary energy supplementation did not have significant (P>0.05) differences for daily average dry matter and crude protein intake. However, daily average ME intake significantly (P<0.05) increased in a linear fashion and the mean values were 4.67 and 5.76 MJ/d for low and high energy supplemented diets respectively. The digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and crude fibre (CF) significantly (P<0.05) increased as the level energy supplementation was increased. However, the digestibility of crude protein (CP), nitrogen free extract (NFE) and ether extract (EE) was similar (P>0.05) for all dietary energy regimes. Average daily live weight gain significantly (p<0.05) increased from 34.8 to 48.5 g/d as the level of supplement energy increased from 10.02 to 11.98 MJ ME/Kg DM. The birth weight of lambs was highest i.e. 0.71 kg fed high energy diet and lowest i.e. 0.50 kg fed low energy diet. These results indicate that, increasing levels of supplemental energy improve growth and reproductive performance of female sheep. Therefore, supplementation of higher level of dietary energy (11.98 MJ ME/kg DM) may be suggested for optimizing growth and reproductive performance of female sheep under grazing condition.

Key words: Sheep, energy supplementation, digestibility, live weight gain, reproductive performance

The experiment was carried out to determine the nutritive value of different level of fermented rice straw as well as to detect the level of mycotoxin contamination and its transmission into cow's milk. Rice straw was collected from selected area based on degree of fermentation i.e. high fermented, low fermented and unfermented rice straw. Similarly, milk samples were collected from cows fed rice straw of the same area. Results showed that, DM, CF and NFE were significantly (P<0.05) lower in high fermented rice straw compared to low and unfermented straw. The in vitro digestibility of OM of high fermented rice straw were significantly (P<0.01) lower than unfermented straw (40.69 vs. 41.55%). However, ME content of rice straw was similar (P>0.05) irrespective of level of fermentation. The effective degradability of DM for high fermented straw was significantly (P<0.05) lower than unfermented straw (13.03 vs. 19.26%). However, the effective degradability of CP of high fermented straw was significantly (P<0.05) higher than unfermented straw (17.10 vs. 10.83%). Chemical analysis of fermented and unfermented rice straw did not show detectable level of aflatoxin. However, milk samples collected from some area showed certain level of aflatoxin M₁ (0.001 µg/kg to 0.006 µg/kg). These findings clearly show that, fermentation of rice straw due to dampness reduces its soluble nutrients, in vitro digestibility and degradation of DM in situ, however, increases the effective degradability of CP. Dampness also leads to the transmission of aflatoxin M₁ from fermented straw to cow's milk in low level.

Key words: Cow, rice straw, nutritive value, aflatoxin

Twelve female goats were used in a 90 day trial to study the effects of dietary energy supplementation to grazing on feed intake, growth and reproductive performance of female goats. Animals were blocked according to live weight and blocked groups were assigned at random into three feeding regimes i.e. low, medium and high energy (10.02, 11.06 and 11.98 MJ ME/kg DM). Each goat received 250 grams of supplemental diet in addition to grazing. Results showed that, daily average dry matter and crude protein intake significantly (P<0.05) decreased from 406.1 to 362.4 g/d and 47.7 to 40.4 g/d when supplemental energy level increased from 10.02 to 11.98 MJ ME/kg DM. Energy supplementation had positive effect on energy intake. ME intake significantly (P<0.05) increased from 3.75 to 4.25 MJ/d as well as the digestibility of OM and CF significantly (P<0.05) increased from 62.25 to 73.68% and 43.80 to 53.21% respectively as the level of supplemental energy increased from 10.02 to 11.98 MJ ME/kg DM. However, the digestibility of DM, CP, NFE and EE was similar (P>0.05) irrespective of level of energy supplementation. Average daily live weight gain increased (P>0.05) in a linear fashion and the mean values were 37.7, 44.4 and 52.9 g/d for low, medium and high energy supplemented diets respectively. Birth weight of kids was highest i.e. 0.75 kg fed high energy diet and lowest i.e. 0.55 kg fed low energy diet. These results indicate that, increasing levels of supplemental energy improved live weight gain and reproductive performance of female goats. Therefore, supplementation of higher level of dietary energy (11.98 MJ ME/kg DM) may be suggested for optimizing growth and reproductive performance of female goats under grazing condition.

Key words: Goat, energy supplementation, digestibility, reproductive performance

Nutritional Positive Deviant (PD) infants grow ‘bigger' and ‘faster' than other infants living in a similarly socio-economically deprived environment. Certain positive feeding and care giving practices adopted by mothers of PD infants enable them rear better nourished and active infants. Limited data is available on using PD mothers as counselors encouraging appropriate and feasible infant feeding practices (IFP) in India. Hence, the present study was undertaken. The study was conducted in a slum of Delhi (India). Twenty-Five infants aged 6-12 months were weighed. Three infants with normal weight for age status (as per Gomez classification) were classified as PD infants. A PD inquiry (PDI) was conducted on current IFP in these families to identify PD behaviours adopted and determinants for the same. PD behaviours identified included: feeding modified family pot (energy dense) complementary food at least two times a day, supervised bowl feeding by the mother and father support to the mother in infant feeding and care giving. Two, of these three PD mothers volunteered to discuss the benefits of PD behaviours they had been practicing with the other 22 members of the group. The strategy promoted collective dialogue and discussion to try the PD behaviours through weekly group discussions over a period of four weeks. After four weeks, feeding modified family pot food with addition of 1/2 teaspoon of ghee (milk fat) in food (10/22), feeding an extra mid-day cereal snack (12/22) were PD behaviours adopted by other members of the group (22). It can be concluded that i) behaviours requiring least preparation time were easily adopted and ii) PD mothers can be effective counselors to encourage appropriate IFP.

Key words: Positive Deviants, complementary food, infant feeding practices

Nectars of some fruits, including orange, sour cherry, peach and apricot sold in Samsun markets were analyzed for total antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content, ascorbic acid content and total carotenoids (except sour cherry). Ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assay was used to measure the total antioxidant power. Expressed as µmol of antioxidant power/ml of nectars, average FRAP values were as 6.54 for orange nectars, 8.01 for sour cherry nectars, 5.68 for apricot nectars and 5.19 for peach nectars.

Key words: Orange nectar, apricot nectar, sour cherry nectar, peach nectar, total antioxidant capacity, FRAP

Animal production in Botswana suffers from inadequate feed quantities and qualities, due mainly to semi-arid low rainfall which can barely support arable farming in most years. This problem is compounded by the competition between the livestock and human feed industries for the little available pulses and cereals. Consequently, tree fodders are available forage resources which grazing herbivores can utilize without competition from monogastric animals and man. Tree fodders can be utilized as supplements to low quality grasses and straws. Most tree leaves and twigs contain tannins, an antinutritional factor for which proper precautions need to be taken in selecting the species of trees and their level of feeding to grazing animals. Many plant components have the potential to precipitate adverse effects on the productivity of farm livestock. Plant anti-nutritive factors may be divided into a heat-labile group, comprising lectins, proteinase inhibitors and cyanogens, which are sensitive to standard processing temperatures and a heat-stable group including, among many others, antigenic proteins, condensed tannins, saponins, the non-protein amino acids and mimosine. These compounds are present in the foliage and/or seeds of virtually every plant that is used in practical feeding. Processing can be used to destroy some anti nutrient factors, also rumen digestion reduces the impart of anti-nutritive factors in some tree fodders for cattle, sheep and goats. This paper reviews feeding values of tree forages and some common anti nutritive factors present in the tree forages.

Key words: Tree fodders, tropical grass, forage trees, tannins

The present investigation was carried out for the estimation of sterol in edible fats and oils. Ten samples of vanaspati ghee which were most commonly available in the market were subjected to sterol estimation. The samples included Dalda, Tullo, Habib, Fauji, Kissan, ACP, Latif, Family, Zaiqa and Handi vanaspati. Dalda, Tullo and Habib vanaspati contained relatively less amount of cholesterol (10, 14 and 15 mg/g respectively) While, Fauji, Kissan, ACP and Latif vanaspati had the intermediate values of cholesterol (24, 25, 29 and 30 mg/g respectively). Family, Zaiqa and Handi vanaspati contained maximum amount of cholesterol (33, 37 and 40 mg/g respectively). Dalda vanaspati had the least (10 mg/g) while, Handi vanaspati had the highest (40 mg/g) amount of cholesterol. Among other samples butter and Haleeb Desi ghee contained the high amount of cholesterol (27, 7 mg/g respectively), while milk fat, beef tallow and fish fat were low in cholesterol content (3.5, 1 and 4 mg/g respectively). Bear fat had the immense quantity of cholesterol (80 mg/g). The sterol content of edible oils i.e. Corn (23 mg/g), Soybean (9 mg/g), Rapeseed (5 mg/g) and Coconut (0.8 mg/g) were reported less as compared to the sterol content of mustard oil (64 mg/g).

Key words: Atherosclerosis, cholesterol, phytosterol, bear fat, edible fats and oils

Prevalence of obesity, over weight and under weight was determined in both sexes of high and low-income employees of 11 schools/colleges/faculties/institutions of University of Peshawar, Khyber Medical College, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Engineering University, Agricultural University, Peshawar and Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar, Pakistan. A random sample of 50 employees of both sexes and of both income groups was selected from all schools/colleges/faculties/institutions except Faculty of Law and Agricultural University, Peshawar where 46 and 88 employees were selected respectively. In this way, a total of 834 employees of the different institutions were studied. Age, sex, income level, food preparation, eating pattern and activity level were recorded. Weights and heights of the employees were taken. The prevalence of obesity, over weight and under weight was assessed on the method of body mass index. The over all prevalence of obesity, over weight and under weight was 8.0, 29.6 and 5.4% respectively. The prevalence of obesity, over weight and under weight in the male employees was 6.9, 29.1 and 4.6% respectively and in the female employees was 11.1, 31.4 and 7.15% respectively. The prevalence of obesity, over weight and under weight in the male employees of the high-income group was 7.5, 34.9 and 1.6% respectively and in the male employees of the low income group was 6.5, 24.9 and 6.8% respectively. The prevalence of obesity, over weight and under weight in the females employees of the high income group was 13.6, 31.8 and 4.6% respectively and in the females of the low-income group was 7.4, 30.5 and 11.6% respectively. The data indicated that prevalence of obesity and over weight was high. The incidence was more in female than male employees. Also the prevalence was more in the high income group than the low income group. Precautionary measures in terms of food preparations, eating pattern and physical activity/exercise are needed.

Key words: Obesity, overweight, sex, income group, exercise

Four vegetables brinjal, bitter gourd, colocasia and tomato were subjected for total protein, crude fiber, ash calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, ascorbic acid and folic acid contents in raw peeled raw cooked and peeled cooked forms. Losses of nutrients due to peeling and cooking were determined. The loss of protein was non-significant during peeling and was significant during cooking except in colocasia. Vegetables lost crude fiber significantly during peeling, cooking caused significant effect only in peeled form, ash reduced significantly during peeling and cooking except in tomato. Four minerals reduced significantly in both peeling and cooking especially in peeled cooking. Vitamins losses were highly significant in both peeling and cooking.

Key words: Peeling, cooking, vegetable, nutrients


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Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 2 (3): 192-195, 2003
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2003

Twenty-four Red Sokoto goats were hand milked for 120 days to determine milk flow rate. The does were grouped into three for once, twice and thrice a day milking to determine the effect of milking frequency on milk flow rate. The average daily milk yield and milk flow rate was 466.9g and 3.5g/sec, respectively. Milking frequency significantly (P<0.01) influenced milk yield and milk flow rate. The higher the milking frequency, the higher the milk yield, but with a decreasing flow rate. Milk yield and milk flow rate were significantly (P<0.01) and positively correlated (r = 0.88). Both milk yield and flow rate reached their peak at the 4th week of production. The optimum milking frequency for Red Sokoto goat in this study was the twice daily milking, since there was 52.7% increase in milk yield from once a day, with a marginal 7.9% reduction in milk flow rate.

Key words: Milk yield, flow rate, milking frequency, goats, red sokoto

There is a great interest regarding demand for foods with health enhancing properties as low-fat meat products due to the human health and nutrition correlation. Various aspects of interest relating to product design and fat reducing strategy has been reported. These aspects concerning nutritional, sensory, technological, safety, appreciation, legal and cost procedures are important to a improved new product design. Due to their different texture properties, processing conditions and different quality evaluations used in the reformulated meat derivatives, the feasibility of low-fat meat products manufacturing has been investigated. In previous review paper, various factors such as consumer acceptability, technological, emerging strategies for the modification of meat fat level, fatty acid (FA) composition, and non-meat ingredients or fat-replacers for the production were monitored for low-fat meat products and fat reduction concept.

Key words: Meat, fat reduction, fat replacers

The aim of this study is to evaluate the viability of Lactobacillus casei subsp. rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium infantis in starter milk, using time and temperature as variables, as well as to evaluate the viability of these micro-organisms over other bacteria normally found in milk, such as Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis.

Key words: Bifidobacterium infantis, Lactobacillus casei subsp. rhamnosus, viability