Why Breast Milk Has Health Benefits for Infants and Children: A Review [Abstract] [Full Text]
Adjuvant Nutritional Therapy in the Management of Malnourished Cancer Patients [Abstract] [Full Text]
The Nutritional Status of School-Aged Children in an Urban Squatter Settlement in Pakistan [Abstract] [Full Text]
Nutritional intake during a 244 km multisport ultraendurance race [Abstract] [Full Text]
Responses of Laying Chickens to Diets Formulated by Following Different Feeding Standards [Abstract] [Full Text]
Effect of Milk Pretreatment on the Keeping Quality of Domiati Cheese [Abstract] [Full Text]
Breast Feeding Practices in Pakistan [Abstract] [Full Text]
Update on ORS Usage in Pakistan: Results of a National Study [Abstract] [Full Text]
Isolation of Escherichia Coli from Raw Milk and Milk Products in Relation to Public Health Sold under Market Conditions at Tandojam, Pakistan [Abstract] [Full Text]
Rice Straw , It's Quality and Quantity as Affected by Storage Systems in Bangladesh [Abstract] [Full Text]
A Comparative Study on the Quality of Rasogolla Made in Laboratory and Collected from Local Markets of Mymensingh, Bangladesh [Abstract] [Full Text]
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Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 1(3): 106-118, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002
Why Breast Milk Has Health Benefits for Infants and Children: A Review
Wendy H Oddy
Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, School of Public Health,
Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia
Email: wendyo@ichr.uwa.edu.au
Abstract:
Breastfeeding is superior to formula feeding because it has specific and non-specific factors that have long term consequences for early metabolism and disease later in life. Human milk enhances the immature immunologic system of the neonate and strengthens host defense mechanisms against infective and other foreign agents. Mechanisms that explain active stimulation of the infant's immune system by breastfeeding are through bioactive factors in human milk such as hormones, growth factors, colony stimulating factors and specific nutrients. Human milk may show a reduced occurrence of disease because: 1) Mammalian evolution promotes survival advantage. 2) Factors that promote gastrointestinal mucosal maturation. 3) Factors that decrease the incidence of infection and alter the gut microflora. 4) Functional immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory factors. 5) Hormones, growth factors and cytokines that may modulate the development of disease. 6) Reduced exposure to foreign dietary antigen. Following the termination of breastfeeding there is evidence of ongoing protection against illness due to influences on the immune system mediated via human milk. Industry continues to attempt to improve formula with the addition of compounds such as fatty acids, oligosaccharides, nucleotides and lactoferrin. However, human milk has such far reaching effects on the infant's immune response that normal development depends heavily on its provision. All mothers should be encouraged and supported to continue breastfeeding for six months and beyond in order to promote the good health of their infants.
Key words: Breastfeeding, infections, long-term effects, child health
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Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 1(3): 119-120, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002
Adjuvant Nutritional Therapy in the Management of Malnourished Cancer Patients
Qammaruzaman Chowdhury1, Fazle Elahi1, A. Kenneth Olson2 and Mohammad A. Khaled3
1 Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
2 Baptist Medical Center, 840 Montclair Road, Suit 602, Birmingham, AL 35218
3 Department of Nutrition Sciences University of Alabam at Birmingham,
Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
KHALEDM@shrp.uab.edu
Abstract:
A new Nutritional Adjunct was tested as an adjuvant with radiotherapy for cervical cancer in Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh. In addition to the cancer induced malnutrition, most Bangladeshi people are basically malnourished. The main objective of this study was, therefore, to examine if this newly patented Nutritional Adjunct could at least be useful in preventing further deterioration of the nutritional status of cancer patients receiving chemo- and/or radiotherapy. Twenty female subjects with stage III cervical cancer participated in this preliminary case-control clinical trial. Ten subjects receiving the Nutritional Adjunct showed a significant improvement in their nutritional status, at least in terms body weight changes and a general feeling of wellness, compared to the patients in the control group. Furthermore, the bone marrow status, as measured by the platelet counts (PC), was found to be enhanced significantly (p<0.001), i.e. PC was increased from 2.6±0.10 x 104 Cu mm to 3.9±0.3 x 104 Cu mm, in the supplemented group. These preliminary results, therefore, strongly suggest prospective full clinical trial to ascertain any therapeutic efficacy of this new Nutritional Adjunct.
Key Words: Nutrition, cervical cancer, radiotherapy
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Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 1(3): 121-123, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002
The Nutritional Status of School-Aged Children in an Urban Squatter
Settlement in Pakistan
Raheela M.A. Mian1, Mohammed Ali2, Paola A. Ferroni2 and Peter Underwood2
1 Federal Government Services Hospital Islamabad, Pakistan
2 Centre for International Health, Division of Health Sciences,
Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
Email: m.ali@curtin.edu.au
Abstract:
A study was carried out to determine the nutritional status of school-aged children living in an urban squatter settlement in Islamabad, Pakistan. 200 children were selected through systematic random sampling from 1479 children aged 5-10 years living in 1147 households. Measurement of height and body weight revealed a high prevalence of malnutrition among these children. The prevalence of underweight (< 2 standard deviations below the NCHS standard for weight-for-age) was 29.5%, wasting (< 2 SD below standard weight-for-height) 13% and stunting (< 2 SD below standard weight-for-height) 35%. Overall 44% of the children had one or more of underweight, wasting or stunting. Severe malnutrition (< 3 SD below the standard value) was present in 15.4% of the children. The prevalence of malnutrition was significantly higher among older children and those from larger, poorer households. The study recommends the inclusion of school-aged children in the Pakistan National Nutrition Survey.
Key words: School-aged, children, Pakistan, malnutrition
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Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 1(3): 124-126, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002
Nutritional intake during a 244 km multisport ultraendurance race
Paolo C. Colombani, Christof Mannhart1, Caspar Wenk and Walter O. Frey2
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, INW Nutrition Biology, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
1 Federal Office of Sports, Institute of Sports Sciences, CH-2532 Magglingen, Switzerland
2 Swiss Sports Medical Center, Clinic Hirslanden, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
E-mail: paolo.colombani@inw.agrl.ethz.ch
Abstract:
Data about the nutrition during ultraendurance competitions are scarce, with the exceptions of few case reports. Because very long lasting sports events become more and more popular, we aimed to describe the nutritional intake during an extreme ultraendurance race carried out in Switzerland in 1998. The ultraendurance multisport race was 244 km long (48 km mountain biking, 122 km road cycling, 28 km roller blading, 3.5 km swimming, 42.5 km running; total altitude difference ± 4000 m). The 12 male finishers participating in the study completed the race in a median (and range) time of 18.6 (17.0-19.8) hours. Their energy intake during the race was 22.6 (12.4-33.6) MJ and corresponded to 44 % of their estimated energy expenditure. Carbohydrate, protein, net fluid, and net sodium intake amounted to 60 (36-90) g h-1 , 0.8 (0.1-2.4) g kg-1 body mass, 560 (310-790) mL h -1, and 13 (7-19) mmol L-1 net fluid intake, respectively. In conclusion, the nutrition during the ultraendurance race was similar to the one recommended for shorter events like a marathon run and the focus was set upon a high carbohydrate intake.
Key words: Exercise, marathon, triathlon
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Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 1(3): 127-131, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002
Responses of Laying Chickens to Diets Formulated by Following
Different Feeding Standards
A. Ehtesham1 and S. D. Chowdhury2
1 P.O.Box 16335-138, Tehran-Iran 2 Department of Poultry Science,
Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
Abstract:
Responses of laying chickens to diets based on formulations following different feeding standards were investigated during March to July months under Bangladesh conditions. One hundred twenty Shaver 579 layers of 35-week old were distributed randomly into 5 diet groups with 3 replicates, each of 8 birds. The birds were reared in laying batteries with 2 birds in each cage and 8 birds in four adjacent cages constituted a replicate. The feeding standards that constituted different dietary treatments were: Shaver 579 (1997), recommended by the breeders of the birds considered in this study; NRC (National Research Council, 1994); INSP (International Nutrition Standards for Poultry, 1983) recommended for Asiatic regions; ISI (Indian Standard Institute, 1992) and BSTI (Bangladesh Standard Testing Institute, 1988). Other cares and management were identical for birds of all diet groups. The feeding trial was conducted for 15 weeks and the data on laying performance and egg quality were evaluated. Evaluation of results revealed that responses of laying birds fed diet based on formulation following the recommendation for Shaver 579 (control) were at least equal to or better than those of other standards during March to July months under Bangladesh conditions.
Key words: Responses, laying chickens, feeding standards, performance, egg quality
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Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 1(3): 132-136, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002
Effect of Milk Pretreatment on the Keeping Quality of Domiati Cheese
Salwa, A. Aly1 and Galal, E.A.2
1 Food Hygiene Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
2 Dairy Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, El-Fayoum, Egypt
Abstract:
This study compared the usage of raw milk, heat treated milk and pasteurized milk in the manufacture of Egyptian soft Domiati cheese. The physico-chemical composition of the manufactured cheese was different. Soluble nitrogen, salt as well as pH values were high in raw milk cheese in comparison with the heat treated and pasteurized milk cheese. Considerable changes had occurred in raw milk cheese during the storage period more than heat treated and pasteurized milk cheese. The obtained results suggest that, pasteurization greatly improves the keeping quality of soft Domiati cheese and increase its shelf life.
Key Words: Milk, domiati cheese, pasteurized milk,
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Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 1(3): 137-142, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002
Breast Feeding Practices in Pakistan
Donald E. Morisky, Snehendu B. Kar, Abdul Sattar Chaudhry1, Kai Ren Chen,
Magda Shaheen and Kirstin Chickering
Department of Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California,
Los Angeles 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-1772, USA
1 Ministry of Health, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan
Abstract :
The beneficial effects of breast feeding, both for the mother and child, are well-known. However, there is evidence that breast feeding is on the decline in many developing countries. In 1991-92, a nationwide survey was conducted in Pakistan to collect baseline health information on a variety of maternal and child health issues. Several of the survey questions addressed breast feeding practices. Survey results indicate that fewer mothers are breast feeding their children, and that mothers who do breast-feed often supplement breast milk unnecessarily and/or stop breast feeding earlier. Undesirable breast feeding practices were found to be associated with urban residence, younger mother's age, and higher educational attainment. Possible explanations for the decline in breast feeding are explored and implications for the development of more effective breast feeding promotion campaigns are discussed.
Key Words: Breast feeding, behavioral determinants, urban/rural differentials
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Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 1(3): 143-150, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002
Update on ORS Usage in Pakistan: Results of a National Study
Donald E. Morisky, Snehendu B. Kar, Abdul Sattar Chaudhry1, Kai Ren Chen,
Magda Shaheen and Kirstin Chickering
Department of Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California,
Los Angeles 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA
1 Ministry of Health, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan
Abstract:
Diarrhea disease continues to rank as one of the leading causes of child mortality throughout the world. It is estimated that 1 billion episodes of diarrhea occur in young children each year, The World Health Organization has recommended the use of oral rehydration solution (ORS) for the treatment of dehydration associated with diarrhea. Numerous studies have documented the effectiveness of ORS in treating diarrhea and reducing mortality. Diarrheal disease in Pakistan has been identified as the major cause of child mortality in Pakistan, accounting for an estimated 200,000 - 300,000 deaths each year. This paper reports the results of a nationwide survey conducted in Pakistan to obtain information regarding the practices of mothers concerning child health care and factors that influence these practices. The purpose of the survey was to collect baseline data on a variety of issues, in order to develop effective health education programs and evaluate ongoing ones. Within the context of two theoretical models (diffusion of innovation and stages of change), adoption practices of the population with respect to use of ORT treatment are described and assessed. These results pose new challenges to health care professionals in their ability to influence and persuade adoption of effective public health practices. Recommendations are provided as how to modify the misconceptions of mothers with young children in the treatment of diarrhea.
Key Words: ORS, diarrhea, theory, behavioral determinants
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Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 1(3): 151-152, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002
Isolation of Escherichia Coli from Raw Milk and Milk Products in Relation
to Public Health Sold under Market Conditions at Tandojam, Pakistan
Soomro A.H, M.A. Arain, M. Khaskheli and B. Bhutto*
Department of Dairy Technology, * Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry
and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan
Abstract:
Hundred raw milk and sixty milk product samples namely Gulabjamun, Mawa and Dahi were randomly collected from different localities/sources of Tandojam for the isolation of E.coli, a notorious contaminant. All the samples were inoculated on different bacteriological media and a number of biochemical tests were performed for the confirmation of the isolate. The results revealed that out of 1OO milk samples 57% showed growth of E. coli. The highest number of milk samples contaminated with E. coli were recorded in milk samples obtained from milk vending shops and houses. Among the 60 milk product samples 31(51.66%) showed growth of E.coli, the highest rate of contamination was found in Mawa/Khoa samples.
Key words: Raw milk, milk product, E.coli, public health
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Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 1(3): 153-155, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002
Rice Straw , It's Quality and Quantity as Affected by
Storage Systems in Bangladesh
Mohammad Al- Mamun, Md. Ali Akbar and Md. Shahjalal
Department of Animal Nutrition, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
Abstract:
The effects of current storage practices on the nutritive quality and the level of mycotoxin contamination of rice straw were studied in four selected villages of Mymensingh district of Bangladesh. Farmers were allowed to store the same variety of rice straw in both improved and traditional systems. Straw samples were collected from both the stores and analysed for nutrient composition and in vitro digestibility. Chemical analysis of rice straw showed that storage methods had no significant (P>0.05) effect on OM, CP and ME contents of rice straw. However, improved storage method significantly (P<0.01) increased nitrogen free extract, in vitro dry matter digestibility and in vitro organic matter digestibility of rice straw compared with those of traditional storage method. Chemical analyses for mycotoxin content in the rice straw of traditional storage showed lower level of Fumonisin and no detectable level of Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2). The results suggest that improved storage system is essential since it increases the quality of rice straw in respect of nutrient composition as well as in vitro digestibility. A definite conclusion regarding the mycotoxin level can only be made after two or three years of monitoring.
Key words: Rice straw, storage method, nutrient composition, In vitro digestibility, mycotoxin
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Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 1(3): 156-160, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002
A Comparative Study on the Quality of Rasogolla Made in Laboratory and Collected
from Local Markets of Mymensingh, Bangladesh
Sharif Uddin Tarafdar1, Md. Ahsan Habib Pramanik2, Biplob Basak2,
Muhammad Siddiqur Rahman2 and Sanjib Kumar Biswas2
1 Department of Dairy Science 2Department of Poultry Science,
Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
Abstract:
Rasogolla is one of the most important pleasant and charming foods to most of the people of Bangladesh. In most of the markets of Bangladesh rasogolla are more or less available, but the quality of rasogolla varies from place to place. Sometimes manufacturers add some ingredients that decrease the quality of rasogolla. That is why, this research work was carried out to study the quality of rasogolla available in markets and to compare them with rasogolla prepared in the laboratory and also to investigate both the physical and chemical characteristics. Four rasogolla samples were collected from local markets of Mymensingh district and another sample was prepared in the laboratory to conduct the experiment with the above theme. Then the rasogolla were judged by a panel of expert judges for organoleptic test and also analyzed for chemical qualities. Considering the physical and chemical properties of both the samples of rasogolla, the results indicated that the laboratory made rasogolla was significantly better in quality than market rasogolla. As the laboratory made rasogolla was prepared with special care whereas market rasogolla might have the adulterated during preparation. It may be suggested that to obtain the better quality rasogolla proper method, proper composition of the ingredients, and also the strict hygienic and sanitation measures should be followed that will also gives the consumers satisfaction.
Key words: Rasogolla, physical quality and chemical quality
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