Volume 1	March-April 2002	Number 2

Effect of Heating on Apparent Digestibility of Some Infant Formulations and Cereal-Legume Blends Available in Bangladesh [Abstract] [Full Text]

The Essential Fatty Acids and the Diet of Polar Bears [Abstract] [Full Text]

Nutritional Value and Microbiological Safety of Fresh Fruit Juices sold through Retail Outlets in Qatar [Abstract] [Full Text]

Genotype Influences Body Composition of Developing Chicken Embryo [Abstract] [Full Text]

Chefs' Perception of the Importance of Nutrition in Menu Planning [Abstract] [Full Text]

Tocotrienol - Rich Fraction and its Effects on Parameters Affecting Gastric Mucosal Integrity after a Single Exposure to Indomethacin [Abstract] [Full Text]

Sanitary Quality of Commercially Produced Ice Cream Sold in the Retail Stores [Abstract] [Full Text]

Studies on Changes in Some of Blood Constituents of Adult Cross-bred Cattle Fed Different Levels of Extracted Rice Bran [Abstract] [Full Text]

Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Patients Visiting a Diabetes Care Unit [Abstract] [Full Text]

Regulation of Eicosanoid Pathways: A Pathway to Health and Development [Abstract] Full Text]

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Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 1(2): 69-72, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002

Effect of Heating on Apparent Digestibility of Some Infant Formulations
and Cereal-Legume Blends Available in Bangladesh

Zahur Z. Haque¹ Mamun A. Monsoor and Zafrullah Chowdhury^2
1Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station
Department of Food Science and Technology
Mississippi State University, Mississippi State 39762
²Ganashastha Kendra, Nayar Hat, Dhamrai, Dhaka, Bangladesh
E-mail: haque@ra.msstate.edu

Abstract:
The apparent digestibility index (DI) of infant formulations obtained from the local market of Bangladesh were studied by monitoring the change in absorbance at 280 nm during enzyme action. Acetone powder of the samples were used as substrate and the enzyme was pepsin (EC.3.4.23.1). In every case, the enzyme protein ratio was 1:12.5. The highest DI was for a milk powder based product called "Product 103" and the least DI was observed for a wheat and fruit based "Product 102" having a DI of 7.57 X 10 ^-4 and 2.29 X 10^-4, respectively. There were no significant differences in the apparent digestibility of most of the infant formulations. Effect of heat treatment on digestibility was assessed after heating for 5 minutes at 100°C. There were significant differences in DI before and after heating. The DI of wheat and fruit based product, "Product 103" was 5.63 fold greater(12.91 X 10^-4) greater than the value before heating.

Key words: Digestibility, in vitro, protein, pepsin

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Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 1 (2): 73-78, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002

The Essential Fatty Acids and the Diet of Polar Bears

Kaduce, Terry L.¹ and G. Edgar Folk, Jr.^2*
1Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, College of Medicine
^2*Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Iowa,
Iowa City, Iowa 52242, 319-335-7783, USA
e-mail: g-folk@uiowa.edu

Abstract:
Plasma lipids of polar bears are significant because these bears prefer to consume high quantities of fat; furthermore one population fasts each year for over four months. In this paper plasma lipids of fed polar bears were compared to fasted bears. Fasted bears were hyperlipidemic to fed bears; both were hyperlipidemic to normal human plasma, in respect to cholesterol and triglycerides. In lipoproteins, the HDL (High Density Lipoproteins) triglyceride was very low as in human subjects in both fed and fasted animals. The other two, LDL (Low Density Lipoproteins) and VLDL (Very Low Density Lipoproteins) were consistently higher in fasted bears than in fed bears, and these fasted bears had much higher cholesterol and triglycerides than the fed bears. Since the fed bears seem to be protected against hyperlipidemia, the fatty acid composition of serum lipids was analyzed. The n-3 fatty acids not the n-6 type dominated in fed bears. These n-3 fatty acids (which were not available to fasted bears) seem to protect against high serum lipids. These results seem to support the concept of using fish oil capsules in the human clinic.

Key words: Plasma lipids, hyperlipidemia, omega-3 fatty acids, polar bear diet, fasted polar bears, lipoproteins of polar bears

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Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 1 (2): 79-81, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002

Nutritional Value and Microbiological Safety of Fresh Fruit Juices
sold through Retail Outlets in Qatar

J. H. Al-Jedah and R.K.Robinson*
Food Control Laboratory, Doha, Qatar
* School of Food Biosciences, University of Reading, Reading, England
Email: r.k.robinson@afnovell.reading.ac.uk

Abstract:
The nutritional value of ten fresh fruit juices purchased from retail outlets in Doha, Qatar was calculated on the basis that approximately 100 g of fruit is used to make one glass of juice (250 ml). Avocado juice was the best source of energy and potassium followed by banana juice, while guava juice was an outstanding source of vitamin C and carotene. By contrast, the microbiological quality of all the products was well outside the Gulf Standards for fruit juices, and coliform counts usually exceeded 1,000 cfu ml ^-1. In one sample of mixed fruit juice, the coliform count was above 1.0 x 106 cfu ml ^-1, and both Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis (1.0 x 107 cfu ml ^-1) were detected. It is concluded that, while the practice of consuming fresh fruit juices with meals should be encouraged on nutritional grounds, steps must be taken to improve the microbial quality of the products.

Key words: Fruit juices, nutritional value, microbiological quality

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Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 1 (2) : 82-84, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002

Genotype Influences Body Composition of Developing Chicken Embryo

A. K. Pal^{1, 2}, M. A. Quadri ¹, S.B. Jadhao^2*, J. Kumbhakar¹,
H. S. Kushwah¹ and I. C. Datta^1
1Department of Animal Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry,
Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Jabalpur 482 001( M.P.), India
²Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Central Institute of Fisheries Education,
Agricultural Research Service, Seven Bunglows, Versova, Mumbai 400 061, India
E-mail: jsanju@hotmail.com

Abstract:
The effect of genotype on postnatal efficiencies of chickens has been well documented. However, little is known about the effect of genotype on body composition and metabolic physiology of chickens during embryonic development. To test the hypothesis that even with equalised egg weight at setting during incubation, there could be some effect of genotype on body composition, an experiment was conducted with embryonic chicks of broiler and layer genotypes at four stages of development during incubation (viz. 12, 16, 18, 20^th d). Wet weight (P<0.01) and dry weight (P<0.05) of embryos were higher in broilers compared to layers. Irrespective of genotype, the wet and dry weights increased (P<0.01) progressively and significantly from day 12 to day 20. Water content was not found to be affected by genotype but goes progressively down till 20^th d of incubation. Body nitrogen concentration was higher (P<0.05) in the pre-hatch chicks of broiler vs. layer genotype but stage of development did not significantly influence the value of this parameter. Broiler had higher (P<0.05) ether extract than layer prehatch chicks. Ether extract increased progressively and significantly (P<0.01) during the entire period of pre-hatch development. Body ash content was neither affected by genotype nor stage of development during embryonic period. This appears to be the first report that demonstrates differences in the body composition of broiler and layer genotype during embryonic life life itself.

Key Words: Genotype, body composition, developing chicken embryo

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Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 1 (2): 85-88, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002

Chefs' Perception of the Importance of Nutrition in Menu Planning

Lesley J. Johnson^1*, Carola Raab¹, Elena Champaner² and Carolyn Leontos^3
1Department of Food and Beverage Management, University of Nevada Las Vegas
²Department of Hotel Management, University of Nevada Las Vegas
³College of Cooperative Extension University of Nevada, USA
Email: lesley.johnson@ccmail.nevada.edu

Abstract:
This study surveyed chefs attending the American Culinary Federation Chefs Forum 2001. They were surveyed regarding their perceptions of the role of nutrition in menu planning. The results showed that chefs strongly agree that food service professionals view nutrition as important in menu planning. The chefs, however, did not perceive that the number of customer requests for modified menu items was increasing or that consumers consider nutrition an important factor when selecting a restaurant. The study found that the chefs' personal health conditions, length of work experience, and recent nutrition education were significantly related to nutrition issues in menu planning. The survey also indicated that chefs no longer perceive that the preparation of low-fat foods requires additional work, and that they can be made equal in taste to foods containing higher amounts of fat.

Key words: Chef, nutrition, menu planning

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Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 1 (2): 89-92, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002

Tocotrienol - Rich Fraction and its Effects on Parameters Affecting Gastric
Mucosal Integrity after a Single Exposure to Indomethacin

Qodriyah H. M. Saad, Normadiah M. Kassim¹, Gapor M. Top² and Nafeeza M. Ismail
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, ¹Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya,
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, ²Malaysian Palm Oil Berhad (MPOB), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Abstract:
The effect of treatment with a tocotrienol-rich fraction (TTRF) on acute single exposure to indomethacin was investigated. Forty-eight male rats of the Sprague-Dawley (200-250g) species were randomly assigned into two groups (N and T). The N group was fed with a commercially prepared normal rat diet and the T group was fed with an identical diet enriched with TTRF 150mg/kg diet. Each group was further subdivided into two subgroups that was either challenged (NI and TI) or not challenged with indomethacin (NX and TX). After eight weeks of treatment the NX and TX rats were killed and the stomachs isolated whereas the NI and TI rats were challenged with a single dose of indomethacin (80mg/kg body weight) orally and after six hours the rats were killed. Measurements for malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione content, PGE₂, gastric acid concentration and gastric adherent mucous (GAM) were done. Gastric PGE₂ content and acid concentration were comparable in the NI and TI groups compared to its corresponding group that was not challenged. The gastric MDA content and GAM concentration were increased in the NI and TI compared to its corresponding group that was not challenged. This indicated that indomethacin increased MDA and treatment with TTRF could not inhibit the rise of MDA whereas TTRF has no effect on GAM concentration. The glutathione ratio was however, only elevated in the TI group compared to the TX, which indicates that in acute mucosal injury by indomethacin, TTRF is able to preserve the ratio of the endogenous antioxidant. We conclude that TTRF has beneficial effects on gastric parameters.

Keywords: TTRF, indomethacin, MDA, glutathione, PGE₂, gastric acid, gastric adherent mucous

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Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 1(2): 93-94, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002

Sanitary Quality of Commercially Produced Ice Cream Sold in the Retail Stores

A.T.M. M-E-Elahi¹, S.Habib², M.M.Rahman², G. I. Rahman³ and M. J. U.Bhuiyan^1
1Sylhet Government Veterinary College, Tilagor, Sylhet ²Livestock Training Institute, Tilagor,Sylhet
³Directorate of Livestock Survices, Bangladesh

Abstract:
The sanitary quality of commercially produced ice cream of Milkvita, Igloo, Pollar and Savoy were examined for total bacterial count (TBC), coliform count and Staphylococcal count. Each brand of ice cream was collected from retail stores of Dhaka City. The TBC was determined on plate count agar incubated at 30EC for 3 days, coliform count on violet red bile agar incubated at 30Ec for24 hours and Staphylococcal count on mannitol salt agar plates incubated at 37E C for 24 to 48 hours. The TBC reported in ice cream of Milkvita, Igloo, Pollar and Savoy varied from 2800to 3800 with an average of 3280 CFU/ml, 2800 to 4000 with an average of 3450 CFU/ml, 10,000 to 19,000 with an average of 15,000 CFU/ml and 26,800 to 56,000 with an average of 42,460 CFU/ml respectively. The coliform count varied from 4 to 18 with an average 11.60 CFU/ml and 18 to 42 with an average of 28 CFU/ml in Polar and Savoy but in case of Milkvita and Igloo, it was found negative. The Staphylococcal count in the samples of Igloo and Savoy varied from 2 to 7 with an average of 3.80 CFU/ml and 7 to 17 with an average of 11.20 CFU/ml respectively, whereas it was found negative in the samples of Milkvita and Polar.

Key words: Coliform count, Staphylococcal count

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Paksitan Journal of Nutrition 1 (2): 95-98, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002

Studies on Changes in Some of Blood Constituents of Adult Cross-bred Cattle
Fed Different Levels of Extracted Rice Bran

A.S. Singh, D.T. Pal, B.C. Mandal, P. Singh and N.N. Pathak
Centre of Advanced Studies in Animal Nutrition,
Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Deemed University,
Bareilly, Izatnagar - 243122. (U.P), India
Email: shyamal@lycos.com

Abstract:
Feeding of two levels of extracted rice bran (ERB) along with wheat straw was studied in 6 adult crossbred cattle. After 121 days feeding of restricted - ERB the first phase of blood sample was collected from all the animals. Subsequently the animals were shifted to ad lib. feeding of ERB and the second phase of blood sample was collected after 42 days. The blood samples were analysed for biochemical constituents like haemoglobin, glucose, protein, albumin, globulin, inorganic phosphorus, AST (GOT), ALT(GPT), ACP, ALP, cholesterol, creatinine and urea nitrogen. The mean values of the blood biochemical constituents in the same order were 11.10±0.17 and 10.41±0.16 g/100ml., 56.99±0.48 and 62.70±0.97 mg/100ml., 7.20±0.10 and 7.80±0.20g/100ml., 2.63±0.07 and 2.07±0.06g/100ml., 4.52±0.15 and 5.65±0.23g/100ml., 5.81±0.08 and 7.02±0.07 mg/100ml., 52.02±1.93 and 59.38±1.23 i.u., 20.63±0.61 and 27.99±1.34 i.u., 40.80±4.61 and 56.53±5.67 i.u., 8.03±0.72 and 11.78±0.77 i.u., 94.04±2.36 and 79.24±1.59mg/100ml., 2.00±0.17 and 1.00±0.03 mg/100ml., and 15.02±0.67 and 33.14±0.67mg/100ml. for restricted - and ad lib.-ERB fed animals respectively. All the mean values were differed significantly due to level of bran feeding.

Key words: Crossbred cattle, extracted rice bran, nutrient intake, enzymes, blood biochemical constituents

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Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 1(2): 99-102, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002

Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Patients Visiting a Diabetes Care Unit

Naeema Badruddin¹, Abdul Basit², M.Zafar Iqbal Hydrie³ and Rubina Hakeem^3
1Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Baqai Medical University.
²Medical Unit IV, Baqai Medical University, Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology.
³Research Department Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology,
III-B, 3/17,Nazimabad-3, Karachi-74600, Pakistan

Abstract:
All patients if given proper guidance and education regarding diabetes care would be able to make significant improvement in their life-style which is helpful for good glycemic control. Education to diabetic patients would be more effective if we know the level of knowledge, attitude and practices of our patients. Thus a study was conducted to assess the general characteristics, knowledge, attitude and practices of type 2 diabetic patients attending the Out-Patient Department (OPD) of Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology (Karachi, Pakistan). Fifty-seven percent of the patients were overweight or obese. Only 10.7% had good glycemic control. Sixty seven percent did not do exercise of any kind. The overall awareness about the risk of complications was satisfactory but the misconceptions regarding diet, insulin and diabetes were quite common. This study highlights the need for better health information to the patient through large scale awareness programmes so as to change the attitude of our public regarding diabetes.

Keywords: KAP, diabetes, education

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Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 1(2): 103-105, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002

Regulation of Eicosanoid Pathways: A Pathway to Health and Development

Mark E. Cook

Animal Sciences Department, 1675 Observatory Drive, University of Wisconsin
Madison, WI 53705, USA

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