POULTRY SCIENCE |
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| Volume - 3 | April - 2004 | Number - 4 |
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Airborne Microorganisms During the Commercial Production and Processing of Japanese Quail [Abstract] [Full Text] and Processing of Japanese Quail J.K. Northcutt, D.R. Jones and M.T. Musgrove USDA Agricultural Research Service, Russell Research Center, P.O. Box 5677, Athens, GA 30604-5677, USA E-mail: jnorthcutt@saa.ars.usda.gov Abstract:
Total aerobic bacteria, molds/yeasts, E. coli and Enterobacteriaceae in the air during the commercial production and processing of Japanese quail were enumerated at twelve different sites. Production-related sampling sites included the breeder and grow-out houses along with the hatchery setter, hatcher, egg room and chick room. Processing-related sampling sites included the hanging/stunning area, scalding/defeathering room, evisceration line, chiller exit, further processing area and shipping room. Sampling site had a significant effect on the log10 counts for total aerobic bacteria, molds/yeasts, E. coli and Enterobacteriaceae and (P < 0.0001). Moreover, significant correlation was found between airborne bacteria counts and both environmental temperature and humidity (P < 0.05). During production, highest counts for total aerobic bacteria (8.1 log10 cfu/ml air), molds/yeasts (3.6 log10 cfu/ml air), E. coli (1.9 log10 cfu/ml air) and Enterobacteriaceae (2.3 log10 cfu/ml air) occurred in the grow-out house. Lowest production-related counts for total aerobic bacteria (3.5 log10 cfu/ml air), molds/yeasts (2.5 log10 cfu/ml air) and Enterobacteriaceae (2.0 log10 cfu/ml air) occurred in the chick room at the hatchery. At the processing facility, highest counts for total aerobic bacteria (6.8 log10 cfu/ml air), E. coli (1.4 log10 cfu/ml air) and Enterobacteriaceae (1.5 log10 cfu/ml air) occurred in the areas where quail are hung/stunned and scalded/defeathered. E. coli was not found at any of the sampling sites in the hatchery (setter, hatcher, egg room, chick room) or at the chiller exit, further processing area or shipping room at the processing facility. Data gathered during this study may be useful in identifying the sources and levels of airborne contaminates in commercial production and processing of quail so that effective intervention practices may be established or strengthened. i. Effect of Blood, Bone Marrow and Marination D.P. Smith and J.K. Northcutt USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Russell Research Center, 950 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA E-mail: dpsmith@saa.ars.usda.gov Abstract:
The bloody, undercooked appearance of fully cooked chicken causes complaints and product rejection by consumers. This defect has been described as a persistent problem with bone-in chicken. Many studies have addressed pink meat or bone darkening, but none have studied the red discoloration problem. Therefore, constituents found in the broiler carcass (breast meat, blood and bone marrow) were combined in an external system to determine the effect of blood and marrow on inducing red discoloration. Three replicate trials were conducted where broiler breast meat was combined with: nothing (control); blood; bone marrow; or, both. An identical set of samples was prepared with added marinade (water, salt and phosphate). Duplicates of each treatment were prepared, placed in glass tubes and cooked. CIE L* (lightness) and a* (redness) values were determined on raw preparations and on cooked meat. Blood, marrow and the combination of both produced significantly (P < 0.05) darker and redder raw and cooked breast meat. Blood contributed more to the darkness of raw meat, while marrow contributed more to the darkness of cooked meat and to the redness of both raw and cooked meat. The blood-marrow combination produced darker raw and cooked meat than either ingredient alone, but the combination did not produce redder meat than marrow alone. Marination resulted in darkened raw breast meat, but had little effect on meat darkness or redness when blood, marrow, or both were added. Marrow was determined to be the most important component for inducing red discoloration of breast meat. ii. Effect of Cook Temperature and Freezing D.P. Smith and J.K. Northcutt USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Russell Research Center, 950 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA E-mail: dpsmith@saa.ars.usda.gov Abstract:
Consumers and customers typically reject fully-cooked chicken that has a red/bloody appearance even if the product is otherwise safe and wholesome. Unfortunately, chicken parts and whole bird products may exhibit this problem on a consistent basis. This study was conducted to intentionally induce a red/bloody appearance in fully-cooked chicken to create a model for studying methods to control this defect. Five trials were conducted using bony marrow (harvested from the interior of epiphyseal end caps) from either fresh femurs (three trials) or frozen femurs (two trials) that were prepared and placed in contact with chopped broiler breast meat. Meat and marrow were packed into glass tubes and heated to one of three endpoint temperatures (74, 79, or 85oC). Five replicate tubes were prepared for each endpoint temperature in each trial (n = 75). After cooking and immediate cooling, CIE lightness (L*) and redness (a*) was determined for both the surface of the meat adjacent to the bony marrow and the surface of the marrow. The surfaces of the meat from samples prepared with fresh marrow were darker (lower L* values) and redder (higher a* values) than control meat surface samples. Each higher endpoint cook temperature resulted in a significantly (P < 0.05) lighter and less red sample. The meat exposed to frozen marrow was affected by temperature to a lesser extent as lightness increased only at 79oC and redness values did not significantly decrease from 79 to 85oC. Lightness of the marrow surface was unaffected by freezing or endpoint cook temperature. Marrow surface redness was decreased as cook temperature increased and freezing appeared to decrease the redness of samples cooked at either 74 or 79oC. Bony marrow was effective at inducing a red, bloody discoloration in breast meat samples. Higher cook temperatures and freezing femurs (before harvesting marrow) improved meat lightness and redness values, although not to control values. Quails on Hatchability and Chick Weight I. Seker*, S. Kul and M. Bayraktar Department of Zootechnia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, 23119 Elazig, Turkey E-mail: iseker@firat.edu.tr Abstract:
This investigation was carried out to determine the effects of the parental age and the hatching egg weight of the Japanese quails on the one-day old chick weight and fertility, hatchability of incubated eggs, hatchability of fertile eggs, the embryo mortalities in early middle and late periods and also some hatchability characteristics. The egg material of this investigation consisted of 2031 eggs obtained from the Japanese quails at the age of 10 weeks (1st parental age group) and at the age of 20 weeks (2nd parental age group). The eggs were grouped according to their weight as follows; 9.50-10.50, 10.51-11.50 and 11.51-12.50 g. Even if the differences related to the chick weight among the age groups were not statistically significant, the differences that were statistically significant (P<0.05) were found among the egg weight groups. The parental age had the statistically significant effect on the fertility (P<0.01) and hatchability of fertile eggs (P<0.05). In addition, the effect of the parental age on the hatchability of incubated eggs and the embryo mortalities was not found statistically significant (P>0.05). Even if the significant differences in the different levels (P<0.05, P<0.001) statistically were observed from the point of the generally analyzed hatching characteristics among the egg weight groups, any difference related to the early period embryo mortality was not determined as statistically significant. Results obtained from this study indicated that the parental age of Japanese quails of 10 and 20 weeks has not a significant effect on the one-day old chick weight. However, it had a significant effect on only the fertility and hatchability of fertile eggs. The effect of the egg weight had a very significant level on the chick weight so it was observed that the chick weight increased in parallel of increasing the egg weight. In addition, the egg weight had a significant effect on every aspect except the early stage embryo mortality as one of the hatching characteristics. Soybean Meal Based Diet F. Ahmed1, M.S. Rahman2, S.U. Ahmed2 and M.Y. Miah3 1Youth Training Center, Khagrapur, Khagrasori, Bangladesh 2Department of Poultry Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh 3Department of Poultry and Dairy Science, SGVC, Sylhet, Bangladesh Abstract:
An investigation was made on the performance of 144 unsexed Van Cobb broiler chicks from 21 days to 42 days of age. The chicks were fed on soybean meal (SM) based iso-nitrogenous and iso-energetic diet incorporating phytase with the levels of 0.0, 0.50, 1.00 and 1.50 g/kg diet for better utilization of the basal diet. The growth rate, feed intake, feed consumption, dressing yield and profitability increased as the level of phytase supplementation increased and the level of phytase had no effect on survivability. The addition of phytase seemed to be effective to overcome the antinutritive effect of phytate phosphorus and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) on broiler performance. Therefore, it was concluded that 1.50 g/kg phytase may be incorporated in SM based broiler diet for profitable production. Sodium Bicarbonate During the Late Laying Period M.A. Yörük1, M. Gül1, A. Hayirli*1 and M. Karaoglu2 1Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Disorders, School of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum 25700, Turkey 2Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Atatürk University, Erzurum 25700, Turkey E-mail: ahayirli@atauni.edu.tr Abstract:
This study was conducted to determine effects of dietary NaHCO3 supplementation on egg production and egg quality during the late laying period. Hisex Brown layers, 54 wks of age, were blocked according to the cage location and then assigned randomly to receive one of four diets containing 0, 0.1, 0.2, or 0.4% NaHCO3 for 75 d. Each diet was replicated in 6 groups; each consisting of 2 cages containing 10 hens. Feed intake (FI) and egg production (EP) were recorded daily and egg weight (EW) was measured bi-weekly. A sample of 12 eggs from each group were collected randomly every 25 d for specific gravity (SG), shape index (SI), shell stiffness (SS), shell thickness (ST), yolk color (YC), albumen index (AI), yolk index (YI) and Haugh unit (HU). The mortality rate (MR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were lower, whereas FI, EP and EW were greater for hens fed the experimental diets than those for hens fed the control diet. Moreover, increasing NaHCO3 level linearly decreased MR and FCR, linearly increased EP and EW and quadratically increased FI. Specific gravity and YI for hens fed the experimental diets were lower than for fed the control diet. The diets did not affect SI, SS, ST, YC, AI and HU. However, SG and YI decreased linearly and AI increased linearly with increasing NaHCO3 level. In conclusion, increasing sodium bicarbonate level positively affected laying performance and altered inner egg quality, but did not improve shell quality, during the late laying period in hens. Egg Drop Syndrome Vaccine M.A. Ilyas, I. Hussain, M. Siddique and M.S. Mahmood Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan E-mail: driftikharuaf@hotmail.com Abstract:
An inactivated vaccine was prepared from local isolates of egg drop syndrome (EDS) virus using aluminum hydroxide as an adjuvant. A total of 30 commercial layers at the age of 16 weeks were procured and divided in to two groups, A and B having 20 and 10 birds, respectively. The birds of group A were vaccinated with 0.5ml aluminium hydroxide gel adsorbed EDS vaccine. The birds of group B were kept as unvaccinated control. The serum samples were collected at a 14-day interval till 6 weeks post vaccination. At 22 weeks of age group A was again divided into two groups A1 and A2. Birds of group A2 and group B were challenged with a virulent EDS virus. The results revealed that birds of group A had HI titer ranging from 1:128 to 1:512 at different times of sample collection with a geometric mean titer 116. Highest antibody response appeared on 4th week post vaccination. Results also revealed that the vaccination protected the birds against challenge with the virulent EDS virus. Where there was a significant drop in egg production in unvaccinated challenged birds. The egg quality was also deteriorated as miss-shapened, soft-shelled and shell-less eggs were laid in EDS unvaccinated layers. Cholesterol Concentration of Nara Chicken M.M. Rahman1, M.A. Islam2, M.Y. Ali1, M.E.A. Khondaker3 and M.M. Hossain4 1Proshika, Section-2, Mirpur, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh 2Department of General Animal Science and Animal Nutrition, Dinajpur Government Veterinary College, Dinajpur, Bangladesh 3Department of Basic and Social Sciences, Dinajpur Government Veterinary College, Dinajpur, Bangladesh 4Animal Health and Nutrition Division, Eskayef Bangladesh Ltd., Gulshan, Dhaka, Bangladesh Abstract:
A total of 21 four weeks old Nara males divided into 3 groups as A-non-caponized, B-chemically and C-surgically caponized birds having 7 males each. The birds were caponized at 4 weeks of age and reared on individual cages up to 16 weeks of age to assess the body weight gain, hematological traits and blood cholesterol concentration. The weight gain was significantly increased in caponized birds compared to non-caponized birds (p<0.01). However, surgically caponized birds gained the highest body weight. Total erythrocyte count, packed cell volume and hemoglobin concentration were significantly reduced in caponized birds compared to non-caponized birds (p<0.01). Testis weight of group A and B at 16 weeks of age were 19.20 and 2.58 g/bird respectively. The highest enlargement of liver and spleen was found in group-C followed by group-A and B. Adrenal gland weight of A, B and C were 0.14, 0.21 and 0.26g/bird respectively (p<0.01). Reduced comb, wattle and head of caponized birds were observed compared to the non-caponized birds. Caponization is the most suitable technique to have maximum meat from chicken. However, surgically caponization may be the best technique for maximum growth. in the Laying Hen Diets Huthail Najib1*, M.N. Al-Dosari1 and M.S. Al-Wesali2 1Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences and Food, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 420, Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia 2Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agricultural Sciences and Food, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 420, Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia E-mail: huthailn@yahoo.com Abstract:
Samh plant is grown wildly in the northern part of Saudi Arabia. This study was conducted to determine the chemical analysis and the True Metabolizable energy of the Samh seeds and the possibilities of using this feed ingredient in the diets of layers. The chemical analysis of the Samh showed that it contained 22.16% protein, 3.09% fat, 10.62% fiber, 6.93% moisture, 0.05% Ca, 0.17% P and 2.49% Ash. The amino acid profile showed higher levels of non-essential amino acids and lower essential amino acids than SBM. The AME of the seeds, calculated from the TME, was found to be 2976 Kcal/Kg. A trial was conducted for 24 weeks using 0, 5, 10, 20 and 30% Samh seeds in layer diets, showed that including up to 10% Samh seeds in the layer diet improved egg weight, production rate and egg mass of the layer. However, feed consumption and conversion were deteriorated as level of Samh seeds increased beyond 5% level. Birds, fed Samh seeds produced lighter color yolk than the control birds. Yolk index was better in the control birds comparing to those fed the Samh seeds. It was concluded that until more research is conducted in this area, no recommendations can be drawn in favor of the Samh seeds, however, there was some indications that Samh seeds can replace part of corn, but in this case the diet should be fortified with yolk coloring agent. A.A. Saki1*, A. Janjan2 and M. Shevazad3 1Department of Animal Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran 2Instactors of Jahad Kashavarzie, Hamadan, Iran 3Department of Animal Science, University of Tehran, Iran Abstract:
The nutritive value of cereal as a major ingredient of poultry feeding may be affected by environmental condition. This reflection may influence poultry production particularly egg production. One hundred and eighty Leghorn pullets were placed in individual cages. They were divided into 9 treatments, four in 20 and 40% of Alvand wheat and Makoie barley (as a cold cereal area). Next four in Chamran wheat and Karoun barley with the same percentage (as a tropical cereal area) were used with control diet. Chemical composition was similar in examined cereal with exception in barley fiber which was higher than others. There were no significant differences in body weight (BW), feed intake (FI) and feed conversation ratio (FCR) between cold and tropical cereal area as well as control diet. Egg weight and eggshell thickness were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the control diet compared with the other treatments. The similar trend was appeared in the yolk color (P<0.05). Haugh units were significantly greater (P<0.05) in 20% of Karoun barley as well as in 20% of Alvand wheat compared with other reflections. On the other hand no significant differences were observed in the egg production, egg shell weight, albumin height and specific gravity in treatments. The result of this study has shown that overall Leghorn performance had similar reaction in response to tropic and cold cereal area with exception in 40% of Karoun barely, which reduced this potential. Vaccines Commonly Used in Sudan A.S. Ali, M.O. Abdalla and M.E.H. Mohammed Department of Preventive Medicine and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum North, P.O. Box 32, Sudan E-mail: abumalaz2002@yahoo.com Abstract:
It was the aim of this study to determine the interaction between the Newcastle disease (ND) and infectious bursal disease (IBD) vaccines used to control these two important viral infections greatly affecting poultry industry worldwide. The commercially available vaccines in the Sudan were used. Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) tests were employed to measure the Ab titres in chicks sera to ND and IBD respectively. Generally, IBD vaccine was reported to have adverse effect on the ND vaccine whereas the reverse was not true. The results obtained also revealed that better Ab responses against NDV were detected when ND vaccine was administered before IBD vaccine. The deleterious effect of IBD vaccine on Ab levels against NDV antigens was slightly (p<0.05) low when IBD vaccine is administered at two weeks as compared to three weeks of chicken age. No variations in the Ab titres when chicks were boostered with ND vaccine containing LaSota or Komorov strain of the virus at 4 weeks were observed. However, slightly (p<0.01) better Ab responses were noted for LaSota over Komorov strain. It was, therefore, concluded that vaccination of chicks with ND vaccine containing LaSota strain of the virus when they were 10 days followed by vaccination with IBD vaccine at two weeks and boostering with the same ND vaccine yielded better Ab responses but slightly lower protection levels. |