Models to Estimate Amino Acid Requirements for Broiler Chickens: A Review [Abstract] [Full Text]
Diagnosis of Ornithobacterium Rhinotracheale [Abstract] [Full Text]
Accuracy of Omnipro® II Estimations for Amino Acid Requirements of Broilers[Abstract] [Full Text]
Antibody Levels against Newcastle Disease Virus, Infectious Bursal Disease Virus and Avian Influenza Virus in Rural Chickens in Viet Nam [Abstract] [Full Text]
Dietary Inclusion Rate of Cocoa Husk for Starter Cockerels [Abstract] [Full Text]
Influence of Branched-Chain Amino Acid Balance in Broiler Diets [Abstract] [Full Text]
Effects of Dietary Manganese Proteinate or Chromium Picolinate Supplementation on Plasma Insulin, Glucagon, Glucose and Serum Lipids in Broiler Chickens Reared Under Thermoneutral or Heat Stress Conditions [Abstract] [Full Text]
Effect of Dietary Modifications Designed to Reduce Early Growth Rate on Live Performance and on Incidence and Severity of Ascites in Two Commercial Broiler Strains When Maintained Under Low Ventilation or Low Temperature Models [Abstract] [Full Text]
Growth of Beaks in Layers Following Re-trimming [Abstract] [Full Text]
Evaluation of Maternal and Humoral Immunity against Newcastle Disease Virus in Chicken [Abstract] [Full Text]
Efficacy of Nitarsone, Monensin or Nitarsone Followed by Monensin, in Female Turkeys in Litter Pens and Exposed to Coccidial (25 Days) and Cochlosomal (28 Days) Inoculations [Abstract] [Full Text]
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International Journal of Poultry Science 1 (5): 106-113, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002
Models to Estimate Amino Acid Requirements for Broiler Chickens: A Review
E. O. Oviedo-Rondón and P. W. Waldroup
Poultry Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
E-mail: Waldroup@uark.edu
Abstract:
Computerized growth models can be a useful tool to determine more profitable and accurate concentrations and balance of dietary amino acids and other nutrients for broiler chickens. The methodology of mathematical modeling can be rapidly accepted in poultry nutrition and research due to the complexity of nutrient requirement estimations in practical and economical terms, and the necessity to have some quantitative margin of safety in the prediction of broiler performance for decision-making applications in the poultry industry. This paper reviews the current problems related to the methodologies for amino acid requirement estimation for growing chickens, the development of mathematical modeling of growth and their applications in poultry nutrition, and a short chronological review of the evolution of computer growth models.
Key words: Broilers, modeling, growth, amino acid requirements
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International Journal of Poultry Science 1(5): 114-118, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002
Diagnosis of Ornithobacterium Rhinotracheale
Hafez Mohamed Hafez
Institute of Poultry Diseases, Free University Berlin
Koserstr.21, 14195 Berlin, Germany
E- mail: hafez@zedat.fu-berlin.de
Abstract:
Respiratory disease conditions are continuing to cause heavy economic losses in the poultry industry. Since Dec. 1991 respiratory manifestation with different clinical courses have been observed in poultry flocks in different countries. Bacteriological examinations have resulted in isolation of pleomorphic gram-negative rods (PGNR). The detected bacteria were designated as Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale gen. nov., sp. nov. in the rRNA-Superfamily V. The present paper reviews the literatures related to ORT current situation on isolation and identification, serotyping of ORT as well as differential diagnosis from other similar bacterial infections.
Key Words: Respiratory disease, Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale
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International Journal of Poultry Science 1 (5): 119-126, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002
Accuracy of Omnipro® II Estimations for Amino Acid Requirements of Broilers
E. O. Oviedo-Rondón, C. A. Fritts and P. W. Waldroup
Poultry Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
E-mail: waldroup@uark.edu
Abstract:
Estimation of amino acid requirements is a complex problem where many factors such as experimental conditions, genetic strain, gender, growth rate, protein quality and level of other dietary nutrients may interfere with the response. Due to the difficulties of using empirical research to resolve these problems, several mathematical growth models have been developed which could be useful for this purpose. Among the models proposed, the OmniPro® II growth model was chosen to evaluate its accuracy to estimate protein and amino acid requirements for broilers under a commercial feeding program. Diets formulated based on levels of protein and amino acids estimated by OmniPro® II were compared with diets based on NRC (1994) recommendations. Significant differences between sexes were observed for all variables evaluated. Broilers fed diets formulated with 100% of OmniPro® II estimations had BW that was similar to those fed diets based on NRC or 110% OmniPro, and were significantly heavier than those fed the 90% OmniPro diets. The feed conversion of male broilers fed diets based on OmniPro recommendations was significantly better than that of chicks fed diets based on NRC recommendations. Females fed with diets according to OmniPro or NRC had the highest dressing percentage, and differed only from those fed the 90% OmniPro diets. These data suggest that nutrient estimations generated by the OmniPro® II support performance equal to or better than that of broilers fed diets based on NRC nutrient recommendations.
Key words: Growth models, amino acid, requirements, live performance, carcass traits
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International Journal of Poultry Science 1 (5): 127-132, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002
Antibody Levels against Newcastle Disease Virus, Infectious Bursal Disease Virus
and Avian Influenza Virus in Rural Chickens in Viet Nam
Tran Quang Vui1, J. E. Lohr2, M. N. Kyule3, K.-H. Zessin3 and M. P. O. Baumann3
1 Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry, 24-Phung Hung Street, Hue City, Viet Nam
2 Staatliches Tierärztliches Untersuchungsamt, Löwenbreitestr. 20, D- 88326 Aulendorf, Germany
3Postgraduate Studies in International Animal Health, FU Berlin, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
E-mail: mbaumann@city.vetmed.fu-berlin.de
Abstract:
A serological survey on the prevalence of antibodies to Newcastle Disease (ND) virus, Infectious Bursal disease (IBD) virus and Avian Influenza (AI) virus was carried out in two communes of the Hue District, Middle Viet Nam. The villages in each commune and the households in each village included approximately 10% scavenging and 20% backyard chickens. The main objectives were to determine the prevalence of antibodies against ND virus at different seasons of the year, the prevalence of antibodies against IBD and AI virus, and a comparison of the situation of ND, IBD and AI in scavenging and backyard chickens. The results showed that there was no statistically significant difference in NDV titres between the seasons and between ND vaccinated and unvaccinated birds but there was a significant difference between the unvaccinated scavenging (33.9%) and the unvaccinated backyard birds (21.6%). Both ND vaccinated and unvaccinated birds in the 2- <6 months-old groups had a significantly lower NDV antibody titre than the > 6 month-old age group. There was no overt correlation between NDV-HI- and IBDV-ELISA titres. A statistical analysis was precluded due to inadequate data sets. There were 5 reactors in the AI-ELISA but they were negative in the HI test with H5 and H7 HA antigens. This study showed that in the selected chicken population the level of protection of vaccinated birds was unsatisfactory. It further showed that there was no seasonal difference between rainy and dry season, that IBDV existed but did not appear to be associated with NDV. There were no specific antibodies against the H5/H7 subtypes of AIV.
Key Words: Newcastle Disease Virus, infectious Bursal Disease Virus, avian Influenza Virus,
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International Journal of Poultry Science 1 (5) : 133-135, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002
Dietary Inclusion Rate of Cocoa Husk for Starter Cockerels
O. Olubamiwa1*, A. R. Otun2 and O. G. Longe2
1 Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, P.M.B. 5244, Ibadan, Nigeria
2 Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
E-mail: olubamiwa@yahoo.com
Abstract:
Growth performance and economics of production were measured to assess the dietary inclusion rate of cocoa husk for starter cockerels. The study involved 156, 2-week-old cockerels which were reared for 6 weeks on four diets incorporating 0, 10, 15 and 20% cocoa husk meal (CHM) at the expense of maize. Body weight gain and feed conversion were depressed beyond the 10% CHM level. Although cost of feed consumed decreased across treatments, feed cost/kg body weight gain was reduced beyond the 10% CHM level. Ten percent dietary inclusion of CHM appears optimal in cockerel starter diets since beyond this level, growth performance and monetary gains are sacrificed.
Key Words: Cocoa husk meal, cockerel growth performance, economics of production
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International Journal of Poultry Science 1(5): 136-144, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002
Influence of Branched-Chain Amino Acid Balance in Broiler Diets
P. W. Waldroup, J. H. Kersey and C. A. Fritts
Poultry Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AR 72701, USA
E-mail: waldroup@uark.edu
Abstract:
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of balance among the branched-chain amino acids Leu, Ile, and Val in broiler diets when levels of these amino acids were deemed adequate. High levels of Leu were obtained by either increasing the quantity of corn gluten meal (disproportionately high in Leu relative to Ile and Val) or by supplementing a corn-soybean meal diet with crystalline Leu. Supplements of Ile and Val were added to aliquots of the high Leu diets to maintain Ile:Leu:Val ratios similar to those observed in diets at the lowest level of Leu. Live performance and organ weights of chicks grown to 21 d on these diets were evaluated. The results of the present studies suggest that an antagonism among or between Leu, Ile, and Val is not likely to result in depressed performance of broilers fed practical type diets when levels of these amino acids are above their minimum requirements. The primary effect noted in these studies was a reduction in feed intake as the level of corn gluten meal increased, attributed primarily to changes in texture of the diet. Further research is needed to evaluate the potential impact of an imbalance in diets with reduced levels of crude protein where one or more of the branched-chain amino acids may be at minimal dietary levels with high levels of Leu from corn protein.
Key words: Broilers, amino acids, branched chain amino acids, antagonism
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International Journal of Poultry Science 1 (5): 145-149, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002
Effects of Dietary Manganese Proteinate or Chromium Picolinate Supplementation
on Plasma Insulin, Glucagon, Glucose and Serum Lipids in Broiler Chickens
Reared Under Thermoneutral or Heat Stress Conditions.
J. S. Sands and M. O. Smith*
Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, 2640 Morgan Circle,
Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-4588, USA
E-mail: mosmith@utk.edu
Abstract:
A study was conducted to investigate the effects of supplemental chromium picolinate (CrPic) or manganese proteinate (MnPro) on heat-distressed broiler chickens. In a completely randomized design, diets were supplemented with either 200 or 400 ug Cr/kg as CrPic or 0, 60 and 240 mg Mn/kg as MnPro and fed to broilers under heat stress (HS) or thermoneutral (TN) conditions. Commercial broilers were reared in brooder pens and fed the experimental diets from Day 1 to 21 and then assigned the same dietary treatments in one of two environmentally controlled chambers. One chamber was maintained at 23.9 oC, whereas birds in the second chamber were exposed to 8-h of 23.9 oC, 4-h of 23.9 to 35 oC, 4-h of 35 oC and 8-h of 35 to 23.9 oC. At 9 wks, plasma concentration of insulin (I) was lower (p<0.01) in birds supplemented with 240 mg Mn /kg compared with 60 mg Mn/Kg. However, neither glucagon (G) concentration, I:G ratio, or glucose were affected (p>0.05) by dietary treatment regimen. Heat stress lowered insulin (p<0.004), increased glucagon (p<0.002) and lowered I:G ratio (p<0.02). Serum concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids were lower in high Mn supplemented group, but triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (CHOL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and HDL: CHOL ratio were not affected (p>0.05) by dietary treatment. Heat stressed birds receiving no Mn supplementation had lower HDL: CHOL ratios (p<0.02) while HS reduced serum TG concentrations (p<0.04). Data suggest that under conditions of this experiment, Cr and Mn may play a part in lipid and/or carbohydrate metabolism in broilers.
Key words: Chromium picolinate, manganese proteinate, heat stress, plasma metabolites, broiler
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International Journal of Poultry Science 1 (5): 150-157, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002
Effect of Dietary Modifications Designed to Reduce Early Growth Rate on Live
Performance and on Incidence and Severity of Ascites in Two Commercial Broiler
Strains When Maintained Under Low Ventilation or Low Temperature Models
S. E. Madrigal, S.E. Watkins, N. B. Anthony, C. E. Wall, C. A. Fritts and P. W. Waldroup
Poultry Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
E-mail: Waldroup@uark.edu
Abstract:
Two studies were conducted in environmental chambers to evaluate different dietary modifications on the incidence or severity of ascites, leg disorders, and sudden death syndrome in males of two commercial broiler strains and their reciprocal crosses. A high energy-high nutrient density diet (HE) series served as the positive control. Two other diet series consisted of a high fiber (HF) diet fed 7 to 21 days of age, followed by the HE series, and a low energy-low nutrient density diet during the early growth phase, as suggested by a major breeder. All diets were pelleted. In one study, a low ventilation model was used while in the second study a low temperature model was used. However, due to limitations of the system we were unable to attain the desired low temperatures. In both studies, however, atmospheric levels of CO2 and ammonia were greatly elevated. There were no differences in incidence or severity of ascites, leg disorders, or sudden death syndrome among broilers fed the different dietary regimes to 49 days of age. Broilers fed diets designed to reduce early growth rate were significantly lighter than those fed the HE diets at 21 days of age. At 49 days of age body weights were not always significantly different but quantitative weight differences were equal or greater than those observed at 21 days of age. It is possible that under environmental conditions more favorable to the development of ascites that dietary modification may prove beneficial. In these studies, however, live performance was reduced by the dietary modifications with no beneficial effects on reduction of ascites.
Key words: Broilers, ascites, sudden death syndrome, leg weakness, diet
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International Journal of Poultry Science 1 (5) : 158-160, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002
Growth of Beaks in Layers Following Re-trimming
P.C. Glatz
Pig and Poultry Production Institute,
South Australian Research and Development Institute,
Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia 5371
Email: glatz.phil@saugov.sa.gov.au
Abstract:
Two experiments were conducted with 14 week-old pullets to examine whether severity of hot blade re-trimming and cauterisation time affected re-growth of beaks up to 30 weeks. In both experiments block cuts of the beak were made such that 5, 6 and 7 mm of the upper beak remained from the outer edge of the nostril to the end of the beak with a 2 mm step to the lower beak. A cauterisation time of 2 and 3 seconds was used in the first and second experiment respectively. Upper beak length at 30 weeks for layers in experiment 1 was not significantly different (p>0.05) between the treatments with upper beaks re-growing to 8.3, 8.7 and 9.1 mm respectively for the 5, 6 and 7 mm treatments. Similarly there was no difference in the length of the step at 14, 18 or 30 weeks of age. However, in the second experiment, the length of upper beaks (cut to 5, 6 and 7 mm at 14 weeks) were significantly different (p<0.05) at 30 weeks and only re-grew to 6.8, 7.9 and 8.9 mm respectively. Likewise a significant difference (p<0.05) in the length of the beak step was maintained up to 30 weeks. It is considered that the increase in the cauterisation time used for pullets in second experiment prevented substantial beak re-growth, especially for the severe levels of trimming.
Key Words: Laying hens, beak trimming, beak length and cauterisation
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International Journal of Poultry Science 1 (5): 161-163, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002
Evaluation of Maternal and Humoral Immunity against Newcastle
Disease Virus in Chicken
M. M. Rahman, A. S. M. Bari1, M. Giasuddin, M. R. Islam*, J. Alam,
G. C. Sil1 and M. M. Rahman1
1Department of Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
Poultry Production Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute,
Dhaka, Bangladesh
E-mail: mrislam210@hotmail.com
Abstract:
An attempt has been undertaken to evaluate the humoral immunity against Newcastle disease in vaccinated chickens. Two different vaccination schedules were followed in 4000 Bovans White chickens (2000 in each treatment) with the history of ND vaccination in parent stock. The mean HI antibody titres of control groups of Treatment-1 and Treatment-2 revealed day-1 (285.51 and 289.43), day-5 (145.74 and 143.78), day-10 (73.58 and 71.47), day-15 (34.44 and 34.52) and day-20 (18.65 and 17.14) respectively. Birds of treatment-1 were vaccinated at 10 and 24 days old with live ND clone-30 vaccine and at 31 (half dose) and 120 (full dose) days old with oil adjuvant inactivated vaccine. Birds of treatment-2 were vaccinated at 10, 24 and 60 days old with live ND clone-30 vaccine and at 120 days old with oil adjuvant inactivated vaccine (full dose). The mean HI antibody titres for vaccinated groups of Treatment-1 and Treatment-2 revealed at day-10 (69.71 and 70.39), day-24 (19.73 and 24.34), day-31 (57.85 and 53.72), day-60 (251.52 and 76.34), day-120 (50.30 and 26.28) and day-150 (442.71 and 371.80) respectively. Vaccination program used in Treatment-1 gave better humoral immune response than in Treatment-2.
Key Words: Humoral immunity, Newcastle disease, vaccination schedule
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International Journal of Poultry Science 1 (5): 164-166, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002
Efficacy of Nitarsone, Monensin or Nitarsone Followed by Monensin, in Female
Turkeys in Litter Pens and Exposed to Coccidial (25 Days)
and Cochlosomal (28 Days) Inoculations
1Michael D. Sims and 2Danny M. Hooge
1Virginia Scientific Research, Inc., Harrisonburg, Virginia
2Hooge Consulting Service, Inc., Eagle Mountain, Utah
E-mail: danhooge@fiber.net
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