Protein and Amino Acid Needs of Broilers in Warm Weather: A Review [Abstract] [Full Text]
Behaviour of Hens Fed a Glycanase Enzyme in a Wheat and Triticale Diet [Abstract] [Full Text]
Reduction in Dietary Nutrient Density Aids in Utilization of High Protein Cottonseed Meal in Broiler Diets [Abstract] [Full Text]
Evaluation of Amino Acid Needs of Large White Male Turkeys on an Age-Adjusted Basis [Abstract] [Full Text]
Characterization of pMGA Genes from the F - Strain (Vaccine Strain) of Mycoplasma Gallisepticum [Abstract] [Full Text]
Dietary Interactions Between Threonine and Crude Protein in Diets for Growing Tom Turkeys 8 to 12 Weeks of Age [Abstract] [Full Text]
Digestive Enzyme Activities of Broiler Breeder Pullets Suffering from Stunting Syndrome [Abstract] [Full Text]
Utilization of Spent Hen Meal in Diets for Laying Hens [Abstract] [Full Text]
Comparative Assessment of Fertility and Hatchability of Barred Plymouth Rock, White Leghorn, Rhode Island Red and White Rock Hen [Abstract] [Full Text]
Comparative Efficacy of Salinomycin Sodium and Neem Fruit (Azadirachta Indica) as Feed Additive Anticoccidials in Broilers [Abstract] [Full Text]
Isolation and Characterization of Campylobacter jejuni from Broiler Chickens in Malaysia [Abstract] [Full Text]
Effect of Maternally Derived Antibody on Vaccination Against Infectious Bursal Disease (Gumboro) with Live Vaccine in Broiler [Abstract] [Full Text]
Management and Disease Problems of Cockerels in Some Farms of Mymensingh, Bangladesh [Abstract] [Full Text]
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International Journal of Poultry Science 1 (4): 40-46, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002
Protein and Amino Acid Needs of Broilers in Warm Weather: A Review
C. P. Ojano-Dirain and P. W. Waldroup*
Poultry Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
Email: Waldroup@uark.edu
Abstract:
Broiler production has increased rapidly in tropical and subtropical countries in the past decade and is predicted to sustain strong growth in the future. One of the greatest challenges to efficient production in these areas is the reduction in performance associated with warm and hot weather conditions. Various dietary approaches have been taken to enhance broiler performance under these conditions. Numerous management strategies have been employed to alleviate the adverse effects of heat distress with varying degrees of success. Nutritional means of alleviating heat distress have focused largely on manipulation of energy and protein or amino acid content of the diet. Although the tendency has been to increase protein/amino acid levels to account for reduced intake, research indicates that such an action is not sufficient to overcome adverse effects. Improving overall balance of the diet by amino acid supplementation appears to be more effective than increasing total protein intake. More research is needed to quantify amino acid needs under warm weather conditions.
Key Words: Broilers, environment, warm weather, amino acids
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International Journal of Poultry Science 1 (4): 47-52, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002
Behaviour of Hens Fed a Glycanase Enzyme in a Wheat and Triticale Diet
T. Abraham Habte-Micael1 and P.C. Glatz 2
1The Ministry of Agriculture, PO Box 1048, Asmara, Eritrea
2Pig and Poultry Production Institute, South Australian Research and Development Institute,
Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia 5371
Email: glatz.phil@saugov.sa.gov.au
Abstract:
Caged laying hens (26-38 weeks-of-age) were fed a wheat and triticale diet with and without a commercial glycanase enzyme. Various pecking and behavioural activities of hens were monitored at 28 and 36 weeks, including the measurement of excreta pH, dry matter and moisture content. There was little influence of enzyme supplementation on hen behaviour, although there was a significant reduction (P<0.05) of trampling and increase (P<0.05) in stereotype head flicking observed in hens fed enzymes. A stepwise procedure indicated 38% of the variation associated with excreta pH was explained by excreta dry matter, excreta moisture, light intensity, receiving tail and body pecks. Receiving body pecks, giving vent pecks, excreta moisture, trampling, excreta pH, receiving tail pecks and head flicks were the variables most closely associated with light intensity. This study only identified a few changes in hen behaviour from feeding enzymes. More comprehensive investigations are required.
Key Words: Laying hens, enzymes, behaviour, excreta pH, excreta moisture
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International Journal of Poultry Science 1(4) : 53-58, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002
Reduction in Dietary Nutrient Density Aids in Utilization of High Protein
Cottonseed Meal in Broiler Diets
S. E. Watkins, E. A. Saleh and P. W. Waldroup
Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
E-mail: swatkin@uark.edu
Abstract:
This trial was conducted to determine if the reduction in weight gains and feed intake observed for broilers fed 30% cottonseed meal diets was associated with the high fat level of the diets necessary to maintain the diets isocaloric compared to corn-soybean meal control diets. Three series of energy levels were formulated to contain 2950/3000, 3000/3050, 3050/3100 ME Kcal/kg with values representing the starter/grower (S/G) dietary energy values, respectively. Within each energy series, diets were formulated to contain either soybean meal as the primary protein source (0% CSM) or 30 % cottonseed meal (30 % CSM). Male broilers were fed starter diets 0 to 21 days followed by grower diets to 42 days. At the end of the trial, six birds per pen were processed to determine carcass and parts yield. Results showed that 21 and 42 days body weights, feed consumption and mortality of the birds receiving the 30 % CSM diets were comparable to the performance of birds receiving the 0% CSM diet for the similar energy series. There was an interaction effect for 21 days feed conversion with the feed conversion of the 0% CSM 3000/3050 series significantly lower than all of the other conversion rates. Feed conversion rates at 21 and 42 days were significantly depressed for the birds receiving the 30 % CSM diets. Although the dressing percentage was lower for the 30 % CSM birds, abdominal fat was also lower and breast meat yield equaled the 0 % CSM birds. Increasing the dietary energy level increased abdominal fat. The results indicated that the high dietary fat levels used in previous experiments could to be interfering with optimum usage of a 30 % CSM diet for growth but not for feed conversion.
Key Words: Broilers, cottonseed meal, nutrient density, pelleting, protein sources
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International Journal of Poultry Science 1 (4): 59-62, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002
Evaluation of Amino Acid Needs of Large White Male Turkeys on an
Age-Adjusted Basis
P. W. Waldroup and J. A. England
Poultry Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AR 72701 USA
E-mail: Waldroup@uark.edu
Abstract:
The increased growth rate of Large White turkeys has prompted producers to change feeds at more frequent intervals than previously. However, nutrient recommendations by established agencies such as the National Research Council (1994) have not adjusted to this change. Using regression analysis of published amino acid recommendations, modified amino acid recommendations were calculated for feeding on three week intervals. Male Large White turkeys were fed diets formulated to provide from 90 to 115% of the modified recommendations from day-old to 18 weeks of age; samples of the birds were processed to determine carcass characteristics. Based upon the results of the present study, the amino acid recommendations derived from regression analysis of NRC recommendations appear to be a good basis for use when changing diets at intervals of 3 week for male Large White turkeys. To insure maximum breast meat yield, these should be increased by approximately 5%.
Key Words: Turkeys, amino acids, feed change intervals, carcass
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International Journal of Poultry Science 1 (4): 63-73, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002
Characterization of pMGA Genes from the F - Strain (Vaccine Strain)
of Mycoplasma Gallisepticum
G. T. Pharr1*, S. L. Branton 2, L. A. Hanson 1, F. C. Minion 3, M. B. Hughlett 1and X. Wan1
1Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University,
Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
2USDA/ARS, South Central Poultry Disease Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
3Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Iowa State University, 1802 Elwood Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
E-mail: pharr@cvm.msstate.edu
Abstract:
Our long term goal is to determine the role that pMGA hemagglutinins play in Mycoplasma gallisepticum F-strain (termed as F-strain for brevity) persistence in poultry. To do this however, we first had to identify the pMGA genes expressed by an isolate of the F-strain. To identify F-strain pMGA genes, a genomic library was constructed in bacteriophage lambda and screened with polyclonal antisera raised against F-strain surface antigens capable of inhibiting agglutination of chicken red blood cells. One phage clone was identified, designated lambda 9, which remained positive through additional rounds of screening and was sequenced. Sequence data analysis predicted one complete and two partial open reading frames (ORF) arranged in tandem within the 4.5 kb genomic insert, termed ORF 9.1, ORF 9.2 and ORF 9.3, which showed significant homology to the pMGA gene family of M. gallisepticum. The number of GAA trinucleotide repeats in the intergenic region of 9.3 ORF suggested that this ORF is expressed. The pMGA cDNAs amplified from the F-strain showed significant homology to the 9.3 ORF. One set of cDNAs however, differed from the 9.3 ORF sequence by a repeat of the sequence "AACCAAA" in the 5' end. We conclude that the F-strain vaccine isolate expresses pMGA gene variants, similar to what has been described in field strains of M. gallisepticum.
Key Words: Mycoplasma gallisepticum F - strain, pMGA-like cDNA, genomic library
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International Journal of Poultry Science 1 (4): 74-77, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002
Dietary Interactions Between Threonine and Crude Protein in Diets for Growing
Tom Turkeys 8 to 12 Weeks of Age
P. W. Waldroup 1, J. H. Kersey1, and M. T. Kidd2
1Poultry Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
2Nutri-Quest, Inc., 1400 Elbridge Payne Road, Chesterfield, MO 63017
Email: Waldroup@uark.edu
Abstract:
An experiment was conducted to estimate the Thr needs of male Large White turkeys from 8 to 12 week of age and to evaluate the effects of dietary CP on Thr needs. The dietary treatments consisted of a 2 x 6 factorial arrangement with two levels of CP (16.0 and 19.8%), each containing 0.50% total Thr by analysis. Aliquots of each CP basal diet were supplemented with L-Thr to provide total Thr levels of 0.50, 0.57, 0.64, 0.71, 0.78, and 0.85%. Initial and final bird weights were taken to determine BW gain; feed conversion ratios were calculated with adjustment for weight of birds that died during the study. Nonlinear and quadratic regression analyses were used to estimate a Thr requirement to optimize BW gain and feed conversion. For both BW gain and feed conversion, significant interactions were observed between dietary CP and Thr levels. Performance was superior for poults fed the low CP diet series, noted primarily at the lower levels of Thr. As levels of Thr reached a surfeit, no significant differences in performance were noted between poults fed the two CP levels. Using nonlinear regression analysis, dietary Thr levels of 0.68 (16.0% CP) and 0.76% (19.8%) were adequate for maximum BW gain while Thr levels of 0.61 (16.0% CP) and 0.70% (19.8%) were adequate for optimum feed conversion. However, when estimates were based on fitting a quadratic regression, dietary Thr levels of 0.83 (16.0% CP) and 0.98% (19.8%) were adequate for maximum BW gain, while Thr levels of 0.77 (16.0% CP) and 0.82% (19.8%) were adequate for optimum feed conversion. While the interactions between dietary CP and Thr may be interpreted to suggest that dietary CP levels influence amino acid requirements, the two basal diets were composed of protein sources that differ in digestibility of Thr. It is possible that the reduced BW gains and impaired feed conversion observed at the lowest level of Thr supplementation on the high CP diets were the result of a lower level of digestible Thr, rather than a direct influence of CP level per se.
Key Words: Turkeys, threonine, crude protein, requirements
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International Journal of Poultry Science 1 (4): 78-81, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002
Digestive Enzyme Activities of Broiler Breeder Pullets Suffering
from Stunting Syndrome
P.A. Iji*, R.M. Gous, K. Khumalo and C. Zamxaka
Discipline of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Natal, Private Bag X01,
Scottsville 3209, South Africa
E-mail: pauliji@yahoo.co.uk
Abstract:
The visceral organ weights and activities of pancreatic and intestinal enzymes in a flock of broiler breeder pullets, apparently suffering from stunting syndrome (SS) were compared with those of a healthy flock. Pullets with SS were significantly lighter (P<0.001) than the normal individuals. The relative weights of the pancreas (P<0.05), small intestine (P<0.01) and liver (P<0.01) were higher in the flock with SS than in the normal flock. The specific activities of pancreatic amylase (P<0.001) as well as ileal maltase (P<0.05) and alkaline phosphatase (P<0.001) were increased as a result of SS. The pullets with SS recovered and grew normally again after 16 weeks of age. Some of the symptoms are similar to those described for younger broiler chicks but the results obtained in the current study could be useful in describing SS in older poultry.
Key words: Broiler breeders, pullets, stunting syndrome, enzyme activities
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International Journal of Poultry Science 1 (4): 82-84, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002
Utilization of Spent Hen Meal in Diets for Laying Hens
C. A. Fritts, J. H. Kersey, and P. W. Waldroup
Poultry Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AR 72701 USA
Email: Waldroup@uark.edu
Abstract:
Protein supplements produced by rendering of whole hens at the end of their production cycle (spent hen meal) was used to provide a portion of the diets of laying hens in an 84 d feeding trial. Diets were formulated to provide 0, 5, 10, or 15% spent hen meal (SHM) from three different locations using conventional rendering procedures. The diets were formulated to provide digestible amino acids at a minimum of 95% of recommended (NRC, 1994) total amino acids for laying hens consuming 100 g of feed per day. Results of the study indicate that nutritionally valuable high-protein meals can be produced from whole spent hens using conventional rendering procedures. Such meals may be safely used at levels up to 10% in diets for laying hens provided good analytical procedures are followed to determine nutritional content. Due to the high level of residual fat and the highly unsaturated nature of this fat, it will be necessary to insure that adequate amounts of a suitable antioxidant is used during manufacturing to prevent rancidity development.
Key Words: Protein supplements, rendered hen meal, laying hens, spent hens
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International Journal of Poultry Science 1(4): 85-90, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002
Comparative Assessment of Fertility and Hatchability of Barred Plymouth Rock, White Leghorn, Rhode Island Red and White Rock Hen
M. S. Islam1, M. A. R. Howlider 2, F. Kabir1 and J. Alam1
1Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
2 Department of Poultry Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
Abstract:
A total of 3000 eggs; 750 eggs from each breed namely Barred Plymouth Rock (BPR),White Leghorn (WLH), Rhode Island Red (RIR) and White Rock (WR) were collected in 3 batches following AI from individually caged hens and were hatched to compare hatching parameters among breeds. The different hatchability traits of hen of different breeds; BPR, WLH, RIR and WR were compared. Hatching egg weight had no significant (P>0.05) difference among 4 genotypes. Fertility was highest in WLH, intermediate in WR and lowest and similar in BPR and RIR (P<0.01) with differences of fertility among 3 batches (P<0.01). Breed had little effect on hatchability of fertile eggs (P>0.05), but it differed among batches (P<0.01). Hatchability on total eggs was highest in WLH, intermediate in BPR and WR and lowest in RIR (P<0.05) and having also differences among batches (P<0.01). No significant (P>0.05) difference in dead in germs (DG) and dead in shell (DS) were found attributable to genotype, but DG and DS differed significantly(P<0.01) among 3 batches. Breed and batch had little effect on normal chicks and abnormal chicks hatched (P>0.05). Chick weight at hatching was highest (P<0.05) and similar in BPR (38.95 g) and WLH (38.96 g), intermediate in RIR (38.50 g) and lowest in WR (38.13 g). Batch had little effect on chick weight. Percent chick weight was found highest (P<0.01) in BPR (67.21%), intermediate in RIR (65.96%) and lowest and similar in WLH (65.17%) and WR (65.46%) without significant (P>0.05) difference in batches. There were some correlations among different hatchability traits depending on genotype within breed. The correlations were more profound among WLH. It was clear that chick weight as percent of egg weight was not just a function of egg weight, but also genotype played an important role favouring the heavier breeds.
Key Words: Fertility, hatchability, breed, cock, hen
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International Journal of Poultry Science 1 (4): 91-93, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002
Comparative Efficacy of Salinomycin Sodium and Neem Fruit (Azadirachta Indica) as Feed Additive Anticoccidials in Broilers
Murtaza Ali Tipu, T.N. Pasha and Zulfiqar Ali
Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,
Lahore-54000, Pakistan
email: agrotech@brain.net.pk
Abstract:
The anticoccidial efficacy of a herb, neem fruit (Azadirachta indica) is compared with an ionophorus anticoccidial Kokcisan (salinomycin sodium) against coccidiosis in broilers. Two hundred and forty one-day-old broiler chicks were reared for 42 days. These birds were divided into 6 groups i.e. A,B,C,D,E and F comprising of 40 birds each. There were six treatments, 25 gm salinomycin sodium/50kg feed (A), 50gm ground neem fruit /50kg feed (B), 100 gm ground neem fruit /50kg feed (C), 150 gm ground neem fruit /50kg feed (D), infected non-medicated (E), non-infected non-medicated (F). Groups A,B,C,D and E were given a challenge dose of coccidial oocyst at the age of 22 days. Weight gain, feed consumption, oocysts in the faeces, clinical findings and mortality were recorded. The result revealed that the birds of non-infected non-medicated group had better (P<0.05) weight gain as compared to medicated groups. The birds of Salinomycin sodium group have better weight gain and feed efficiency as compared to other treated groups but the difference was non significant (P>0.05). Moreover, neem fruit 150gm/50kg feed had excellent performance in terms of oocyst count and lower mortality as compared to other treated groups.
Key Words: Broilers, anticoccidial (neem), anticoccidial (Kokcisan)
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International Journal of Poultry Science 1(4) : 94-97, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002
Isolation and Characterization of Campylobacter jejuni from
Broiler Chickens in Malaysia
Saleha A. A
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
E-mail: saleha@vet.upm.edu.my
Abstract:
Very few studies on Campylobacter in chickens were done in Malaysia. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of Campylobacter in broiler chickens and to characterize the isolates to species level, their antibiotic resistance patterns and plasmid profiles. Ten broiler chicken farms were studied. The chickens in nine of the farms were found colonized with campylobacters; the prevalence rates ranged from 46.3 to 93.3%, with a mean of 72.6%; one farm was negative. Campylobacter jejuni was the predominant species. Antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that all the 76 C. jejuni isolates tested were resistant to tetracycline; 82.9, 55.3 and 34.2% were resistant to streptomycin, kanamycin and ampicillin, respectively while resistance to gentamicin, erythromycin and chloramphenicol ranged from 26.3 to 22.4%. It was also found that 22.4% of the isolates were resistant to one antibiotic while 13.1% to all seven antibiotics. 59% of C. jejuni isolates harboured between one to four plasmids, demonstrating 14 plasmid profiles with size of the plasmids ranged from 4.5 to 70.3 kb. More isolates containing plasmids were observed to be resistant to tetracycline, chloramphenicol and kanamycin than those isolates without plasmids. The numbers of plasmid bands present were not consistent with the antibiotic resistance patterns.
Key Words: Campylobacter, broiler chickens, antibiotic resistance, plasmid analysis
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International Journal of Poultry Science 1 (4): 98-101, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002
Effect of Maternally Derived Antibody on Vaccination Against Infectious Bursal Disease (Gumboro) with Live Vaccine in Broiler
J. Alam1, M. M. Rahman2, B. K. Sil1, M. S. R. Khan2, Giasuddin1 and M. S. K. Sarker1
1 Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute,
Savar, Dhaka-1341, Bangladesh
2 Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University,
Mymensingh, Bangladesh
E-mail: jahangir104@hotmail.com
Abstract:
Infectious bursal disease is one of the most important viral disease of poultry usually affects young chickens of 3-6 weeks. Hygienic management and proper vaccination are main way of control of this disease. But maternal antibody affects vaccination with live vaccine. To determine the effect of maternally derived antibody on live vaccine, the study was conducted. A total of 100 day old chicks (50 from vaccinated parent stock and 50 from non-vaccinated parent stock) were used in this study. A preset vaccination schedule was followed for chicken and blood samples were collected to find out the actual effect. It is observed that day old chicks contain high level (6294.14±24.95) of maternally derived antibody which gradually decline below positive level within 15-20 days (390.45 ±19.42) and half-life is about 5 days. Vaccination of chicken with high level of maternally derived antibody interferes with the vaccine virus results no immune response but revaccination provokes immune response. Better immune response is found in chickens vaccinated at day 21 and boostered at day 28. But there may be chance of infection because maternal antibody declined below positive level within 15-20 days. Chickens from non-vaccinated parent stock shows good immune response from first time that is from primary vaccination at day 7 and boosting at day 14.
Key word: Maternal antibody, Live vaccine, Effect of maternal antibody
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International Journal of Poultry Science 1 (4): 102-105, 2002
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002
Management and Disease Problems of Cockerels in Some Farms
of Mymensingh, Bangladesh
G. C. Sil, P. M. Das, M. R. Islam * and M. M. Rahman
Department of Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
E-mail: mrislam210@hotmail.com
Abstract:
To find out the diseases occurring in cockerels and its relationship with the management of cockerel's farm an investigation was carried out from day-old chicks up to marketing at three different cockerel farms in Mymensingh district. In the farm 1, IBD appeared at the age of 31-35 day, the morbidity being 100% and mortality 28.57%. Vaccination at high environmental temperature and use of no fumigation, might be the managemental factors contributed in the causation of the malady. In the farm 2, the morbidity and mortality of yolk sac infection, hypovitaminosis-E, coccidiosis and miscellaneous condition were recorded 3.6 and 2.4%; 4.4 and 2.0%; 8.4 and 0.8%; 0.4 and 0.4%, respectively. However, litter management problem and problem in maintenance of optimum temperature in the shed might be related to these maladies. In the farm 3, the morbidity and mortality rates of the diagnosed diseases like IBD and hypovitaminosis E were 8.6 and 1.4%; 1.2 and 0.4%, respectively. The proportionate mortality of cockerels in these farms were 81.6% for IBD, 8.04% for hypovitaminosis E, 6.89% for yolk sac infection, 2.29% for coccidiosis and 1.14% for miscellaneous condition. IBD occurred in age group of >2-8 weeks, hypovitaminosis E in 0-2 and >2-8 weeks group, yolk sac infection in 0-2 weeks, coccidiosis in >8-20 weeks and the miscellaneous condition in 0-2 weeks group. The findings indicate that IBD is the major disease problem in cockerel farming in Mymensingh.
Key Words: Cockerel, disease problem, cockerel farming, management system
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